chapter 28 Flashcards by Heather Gohari

most eukaryotes are

single celled organisms

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protist are

diverse kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that are NOT animals, plants,fungi

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protist are typically: ex:

microscopic and include single cell organisms like amoeba and algae, protozoa but some are MULTICELLULAR such as kelp and some are COLONIAL such as volvox

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protist-colonial-volvox:

a green alga that forms large, spherical colonies of thousands of cells within a gelatinous matrix

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how are eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotic cells?

they have organelles and are more complex

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What is the organism in most eukaryotic lineages?

protists

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eukaryotic lineages

that the broad group of life called protists represent the earliest branches of the eukaryotic family tree

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Which is the most nutritionally diverse of ALL EUKARYOTES? include:

protists
photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

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mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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photoautotrophs

are organisms such as PLANTS,ALGAE, AND SOME BACTERIA that use light energy to synthesize their own food from inorganic substances like CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER thru the process called PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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heterotrophs

a living organism that obtains its ENERGY and NUTRIENTS by consuming other organisms or organic matter, RATHER THAN producing its own food

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heterotrophs ex:

animals, fungi species, many protists and bacteria, also a few plant species that trap insects for nutrition

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How do protists reproduce?

asexually, sexually, or by the process of meiosis and fertilization

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4 supergroups of eukaryotes

1.excavata 2.archaeplastida 3.SAR 4. unikonta

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much protist diversity has its origins in

ENDOSYMBIOSIS

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what are plastids?

double-membrane organelles

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where are plastids found?

found in the cells of PLANTS and ALGAE

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plastids function:

they are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food

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plastids, specifically chloroplasts evolved later by

endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

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endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

this means chloroplasts were once free living cyanobacteria that were engulfed by a larger host cell but WERE NOT digested, instead establishing a beneficial mutually symbiotic relationship over time.

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what is a beneficial, mutually symbiotic relationship between plastids and larger host?

the host cell acquires the ability to perform photosynthesis, which converts light energy into chemical energy

the plastids production of carbohydrates provides a scource of energy and fixed carbon for the host. This allows the organism to thrive as a PHOTOAUTOTROPH

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plastids( including chloroplasts) and cyanobacteria share many similarities, including:

ability to perform photosynthesis 2. having their own DNA 3. and using their own ribosomes

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how did plastids originate?

from a single endosymbiotic event where a cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryotic host

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the plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into

photosynthetic protists, red and green algae

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the diversity of plastids arose thru both

primary and secondary endosymbiosis

primary endosymbiosis: showing a heterotrophic eukaryote how does it become photosynthetic

not by evolving the ability themselves but by engulfing another organism( cyanobacterium) that was already photosynthetic

instead of being digested, the cyanobacterium survives....

inside the host cell and evolves into a plastid(chloroplast)

this lineage of eukaryotes is the ancestor of all-----

photosynthetic eukaryotes gives rise specifivally to red algae and green algae

how many membranes to plastids have in red and green algae?

secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga gives rise to a

massive group of organisms known as the SAR clade, which includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and stramenopiles

secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga leads to organisms such as

euglenoids and chloraarachniophytes

on several ocassions during eukaryotic evolution red and green algae underwent-------in which------

secondary endosymbiosis they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote

chlorarachniophytes likely evolved when

HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTE ENGULFED A GREEN ALGA

multicellular protist-kelp

largest algae

Does the organism get harmed in endosymbiosis?

4 supergroup of eukaryote-SAR

stramenopiles, alveolate, and rhizarians

cyanobacteria was engulfed by a

heterotrophic eukaryote

plasmids

small rings of DNA

what is characteristic of plastids

double membrane organelles which r found in the cells of plants and algae

what is the function of plastids?

manufacturing and storing of food

when was plastids specifically chloroplast evolved later?

by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

how many membranes were there b4 went thru primary endosymbiosis?

what happened to one of he membranes in primary endosymbiosis?

one of these membranes was lost in red and green algal descendants

the engulfed cell contains a vestigial nucleus called

a nucleomorph

what is a function of nucleomorph

produce proteins essential for the maintenance and function of the plastid (chloroplast)

what is a characteristic of a nucleomorph?

double membrane inner and outer

excavates include------

protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

excavata îs characterized by its

cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers that gives structure to a celll(posture)

some members have an excavated----

feeding groove

feeding groove-

capture and ingest food particles

excavates ex:

diplomanads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

diplomanads, parabasalids, euglenozoans have -----

cytoskeleton and feeding groove

diplomonads and parabasalids these 2 groups: (3)

lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, and MOST live in anaerobic enviorments

diplomonads have reduced mitochondria called

mitosomes

diplomonads reduced mitochondria called

diplomonads (4)

1. have reduced mitochondria called microsomes 2. derive energy from anaerobic pathways 3.have 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella 4.are often parasites for example GIARDIA INTESTINALS

diplomonads- parasites- giardia intestinale

infection of the small intestine that results in symptoms like watery, greasy diarrhea

how does one get Giardia intestinal?

the infection is caused by ingesting Giardia found in contaminated food and water

function of small intestine

to absorb water

another name for large intestine

colon

diplomonads have 2 ----- and

2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella

parabasalids (2)

1. have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically 2. include trichomonas vaginalis

hydrogenosomes

parabasalids- have reduced mitochondria that generate some energy anaerobically

trichomonas vaginalis( green discharge, itchy)

include in parabasalids. the pathogen that causes yeast infection in human females

what're euglenozoa characteristics?

spiral or crystalline rod inside their flannels(2)

euglenozoa clade include

kinetoplastids and euglenids

what are kinetoplastids characterized by?

possessing a single large mitochondrion that houses a unique network of DNA called the KINETOPLAST

KINETOPLAST

unique network of DNA

some species of kenetoplastid are

parasitic

kinetoplastids in the genus trypanosoma cause

sleeping sickness in humans

another pathogenic trypanosome causes

chagas disease

pathogenic definition

causes disease

parasitic tryponosama

sleeping

pathogenic tryponosome

chagas

trypanosoma gambience

parasitic, causes sleeping sickness in humans, transmitted by the tsetse fly which is its main host

how can someone have trypanosome gambiance?

1. transmitted primarily by the tsetse fly which is its main host 2.this parasite can also be spread thru bodily fluids Btwn humans

chapter 28 Flashcards

(78 cards)