chapter 46 part 2

Question 1

after birth primary oocyte are surrounded by follicular cell layer known as

Answer 1

primary follicle

Question 2

at puberty when menstrual cycle happens,—

Answer 2

FSH is released which stimulates the growth of the follicles, primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte

Question 3

follicle cells continue to grow and develop and become—

Answer 3

Graafian folllicle

Question 4

during ovulation Graafian folllicle (within has secondary oocyte) releases

Answer 4

secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube from the ovaries

Question 5

follicle cell will develop into — that produces—-

Answer 5

corpus luteum
progesterone

Question 6

FSH promotes the activity of——

Answer 6

Sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm

Question 7

what does LH regulate?

Answer 7

leydig cells, which secrete tester one and other androgens, which in turn promote spermatogenesis

Question 8

what does testerone regulate?

Answer 8

production of GnRH, FSH, LH thru negative feedback mechanisms

Question 9

testerone regulate production of GnRH, FSH, LH thru negative feedback mechanisms. what does this ensure?

Answer 9

tester one doesnt become excessively high and disrupts reproductive processes

Question 10

what hormone does Sertoli cells secrete?

Answer 10

inhibin

Question 11

what does inhibin do?

Answer 11

reduces FSH secretion from the anterior pituatry

Question 12

the regulation of FSH by inhibit is crucial for

Answer 12

normal reproductive function

Question 13

what does tester one inhibit?

Answer 13

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 14

hypothalums> GnRH> anterior pituatary>

Answer 14

1. FSH> Sertoli cells> inhibin and spermatogenis
   2.LH>leydig cells>testerone>spermatogenis

Question 15

GnRH then—-

Answer 15

FSH and LH stimulates follicle growth

Question 16

ovarian cycle has 3 phases:

Answer 16

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

Question 17

follicular phase ends at—

Answer 17

ovulation and the secondary oocyte is released

Question 18

what day is ovulation in a 28 day menstrual cycle?

Answer 18

14

Question 19

what happens in ovulation: a sudden increase in another hormone—

Answer 19

LH causes the ovary to release its egg

Question 20

LH surge triggers

Answer 20

ovulation

Question 21

in luteal phase, following ovulation, the follicular tissue left behind is stimulated to transform into a

Answer 21

corpus luteum

Question 22

what does corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 22

progesterone and estrogen, which exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituatary

Question 23

progesterone rises to help prepare–

Answer 23

the uterine lining for pregnancy

Question 24

once its no longer needed to make progesterone,—–

Answer 24

the corpus lute dissolves and goes away until the next menstrual cycle

Question 25

hormones coordinate the uterine cycle with the---

Answer 25

ovarian cycle

Question 26

thickening of the endometrium during the proliferative phase coordinates with the ---

Answer 26

follicular phase

Question 27

secretion of nutrients during the secretory phase coordinates with the---

Answer 27

luteal phase

Question 28

shedding of the endometrium during the menstrual flow phase coordinates with the growth of --

Answer 28

new ovarian follicles

Question 29

cells of uterine lining can sometimes migrate to --

Answer 29

an abnormal or ectopic location

Question 30

endometriosis- uterine lining or similar endometrial like tissue----

Answer 30

grow outside of the uterus on other pelvic organs

Question 31

the first trimester is the time of---

Answer 31

most radial change for both the mother and the EMBRYO

Question 32

the implanted embryo secretes----

Answer 32

hormones that regulate the mothers reproductive system

Question 33

one such hormone---

Answer 33

hCG maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogen during early pregnancy

Question 34

during its 2-4 weeks the embryo ---

Answer 34

obtains nutrients directly from the endometrium

Question 35

a blastocyst is a ball of cells that forms early in pregnancy , about 5-6 days after----

Answer 35

a sperm fertilizes an egg

Question 36

the outer layer of the blastocyst called the ----- mingles----

Answer 36

traphoblysct mingles with the endometrium and eventually forms the placenta

Question 37

which organ is attached to the uterine wall?

Answer 37

placenta

Question 38

what does the placenta provide?

Answer 38

oxygen and nutrients to the fetus thru the umbilical cord

Question 39

what attaches to the fetus and the placenta?

Answer 39

umbilical cord

Question 40

the first trimester is the main period of

Answer 40

organogenesis, development of the body organs

Question 41

all the major structures are present by----

Answer 41

8 weeks and the embryo is called a fetus

Question 42

changes occur in the mother:

Answer 42

mucus plug to protect against infection growth of the placenta and uterus cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle breast enlargement nausea is also very common

Question 43

during second trimester:

Answer 43

fetus grows and is very active mother may feel fetal movements uterus grows enough for pregnancy to become obvious

Question 44

during which trimester the fetus grows and fils the space within the embryonic membranes?

Answer 44

third trimester

Question 45

what is labor regulated by and which hormones?

Answer 45

by prostaglandins and hormone such as estradiol and oxytocin

Question 46

which 2 hormones are only released from posterior pituatary?

Answer 46

oxytocin and ADH

Question 47

estradiol is released from

Answer 47

ovaries

Question 48

what does ex=stradiol activate?

Answer 48

oxytocin receptors on uterus

Question 49

oxytocin from---

Answer 49

fetus and mothers posterior pitutary

Question 50

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 50

stimulates uterus to contract and stimulates placenta to make

Question 51

prostaglandins stimulates?

Answer 51

more contractions of uterus

Question 52

3 stages of labor:

Answer 52

dilation of cervix expulsion- delivery of infant delivery of placenta

Question 53

whats amniocents?

Answer 53

samples amniotic fluid

Question 54

whats chorionic villus sampling?

Answer 54

samples of placental tissue

Question 55

amniocents and chorionic villus sampling are---

Answer 55

invasive techniques that r obtained for genetic analysis

Question 56

noninvasive procedures usually use----

Answer 56

ultrasound imaging to detect fetal condition

Question 57

in most pregnancies involving Down syndrome fetus the level of AFP measured in maternal serum and amniotic fluid is---

Answer 57

reduced to abt 70% of the level attained in normal pregnancies

Question 58

AFP is produced by the--

Answer 58

fetus's liver and yolk sac

Question 59

elevated AFP levels can indicate an increased risk of----- while lower levels may suggest ---

Answer 59

spina bifida down syndrome

Question 60

birth defect where the spinal cord doesnt fully close during pregnancy, leading to various degrees of nerve damage and physical disabilties===

Answer 60

spina bifida