chapter 41 part 3

Question 1

what do the 2 sphincters Btwn the rectum and anus control?

Answer 1

bowel movements by relaxing

Question 2

food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of—-

Answer 2

animal nutrition

Question 3

in general, animals fall into 3 categories:

Answer 3

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

Question 4

herbivores===

Answer 4

eat mainly plants and algae

Question 5

carnivores==

Answer 5

eat other animals

Question 6

omnivores===

Answer 6

regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae

Question 7

most animals are also===

Answer 7

opportunistic feeders

Question 8

what does it mean when animals are opportunistic feeders?

Answer 8

means that they are flexible in their diet and will eat a wide variety of food sources depending on what is most readily available to them

Question 9

each step in digestive system is—-

Answer 9

activated as needed

Question 10

enteric division===

Answer 10

of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process

Question 11

endocrine system also ===

Answer 11

regulates digestion thru the release and transport of hormones

Question 12

what does food do?

Answer 12

stretch the wall of the stomach

Question 13

what does g cell do?

Answer 13

secrete gastrin which stimulates production of gastric juices primarily hydrochloric acid

Question 14

what does HCL do?

Answer 14

a) aids in digestion
b) breaks down food
c) kills harmful bacteria
d) denaturing proteins to make them easier to digest

Question 15

what does chyme pass thru?

Answer 15

small intestine

Question 16

what happens when chyme passes thru small intestine?

Answer 16

digestive hormone CKK and secretin are released

Question 17

what does CKK do?

Answer 17

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the GB

Question 18

what does secretin stimulates

Answer 18

pancreas to release HC03b

Question 19

bicarbonate act as—

Answer 19

buffer

Question 20

pancreas releases 2 hormones:

Answer 20

insulin and glucogen

Question 21

what does insulin do?

Answer 21

decrease glucose levels

Question 22

what does glucogen do?

Answer 22

increase glucose levels

Question 23

what is chyme?

Answer 23

an acidic mixture of partially digested food

Question 24

chyme eventually pass from the—

Answer 24

stomach to the duodenum

Question 25

how does duodenum respond?

Answer 25

by releasing the digestive hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin

Question 26

what does CCK stimulate?

Answer 26

the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and of bile from the gallbladder.

Question 27

what does secretin stimulate?

Answer 27

the pancreas to release bicarbonate which neutralizes chyme

Question 28

if the chyme has a lot of fat CCK and secretin-----

Answer 28

inhibit peristalsis in the stomach slowing digestion allowing time for adequate digestion and absorption in the small intestine, especially when processing fats and proteins

Question 29

what happens when blood glucose level rises? (such as after eating)

Answer 29

secretion of insulin by beta cells of the pancreas> insulin> transport of glucose into body cells and storage of glucose as glycogen

Question 29

what happens when blood glucose level falls? (such as after fasting)

Answer 29

secretion of glucagon by alpha cells of the pancreas>glucagon> breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood> blood glucose level rises> goes back to normal

Question 30

where are beta cells found?

Answer 30

in pancreas and stimulate the release of insulin

Question 31

what does alpha stimulate?

Answer 31

the release of glucagon

Question 32

liver takes insulin and-----

Answer 32

stores as glycogen

Question 33

what does insulin act on?

Answer 33

nearly all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood

Question 34

insulin acts on nearly all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood, but theres an exception:

Answer 34

brain cells are an exception; they can take up glucose whether insulin is present or not

Question 35

what do glucagon and insulin have in common?

Answer 35

are both produced in the islets of pancreas

Question 36

alpha cells make

Answer 36

glucagon

Question 37

beta cells make

Answer 37

insulin

Question 38

what does pituitary gland produce?

Answer 38

adh and oxytocin

Question 39

the disease diabetes mellitus is caused by a

Answer 39

deficiency of insulin

Question 40

the level of glucose in the blood may----

Answer 40

exceed the capacity of kidneys to reabsorb it

Question 41

sugar in the urinw is one test for---

Answer 41

diabetesw

Question 42

what type of diabetes is acquired?

Answer 42

DM type 2

Question 43

obesity contributes to:

Answer 43

diabetes (dm type 2) cancer of the colon and breasts heart attacks strokes

Question 44

what do hormones regulate?

Answer 44

long term and short term appetite by affecting a satiety center in the brain

Question 45

whats ghrelin?

Answer 45

a hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of hunger before meals

Question 46

insulin and PPY--

Answer 46

a hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite

Question 47

leptin===

Answer 47

produced by adipose (fat) tissue after meal, alsomsuppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

Question 48

which hormone is b4 the meal cue to hunger?

Answer 48

ghrelin