chapter 48/49

Question 1

nerve cells that transfer information within the body

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

neurons use 2 types of signals to communicate:

Answer 2

1. electrical signals LONG DISTANCE using action potential and axonal conduction, neurons can communicate with other neurons, muscles or glands located far away
2. chemical signals via use of NTS (SHORT DISTANCE)

Question 3

processing of information takes place in simple clusters of neurons called—– or a more complex organization of neurons called a —

Answer 3

ganglia
brain

Question 4

most of neurons organelles are in the

Answer 4

cell body

Question 5

most neurons have —–

Answer 5

dendrites

Question 6

what are dendrites?

Answer 6

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

Question 7

the axon is typically a —

Answer 7

much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses

Question 8

cone shaped base of an axon is called the

Answer 8

axon hillock

Question 9

contains a high concentration of voltage gated sodium channels==

Answer 9

axon hillock

Question 10

transmits electrical signals known as action potential(AP) away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Answer 10

axon hillock

Question 11

postsynaptic neurons contain

Answer 11

receptors

Question 12

end of neurons axon=

Answer 12

synaptic terminal

Question 13

transmits information across the synapse to another neuron by releasing chemical messengers called NTS

Answer 13

synaptic terminal

Question 14

what are synapses?

Answer 14

are the junctions where neurons communicate with other cells, including other neurons, muscle cells, and gland cells

Question 15

NTS are released via

Answer 15

exocytosis

Question 16

NTS are within— and being released by—-

Answer 16

vesicles, exocytosis

Question 17

NTS will be released into—and then will bind to receptors of—-

Answer 17

synaptic cleft
postsynaptic neurons

Question 18

neuron that initiates the signaling process at the synapse==

Answer 18

presynaptic neuron

Question 19

presynaptic neuron releases —-

Answer 19

NTS into the synaptic cleft , the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

Question 20

receives the signal from the presynaptic neurons

Answer 20

postsynaptic cell

Question 21

most neurons are nourished or insulated by cells called—

Answer 21

glia/ glial/ glue cells

Question 22

2 types of glial cells:

Answer 22

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Question 23

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are—-

Answer 23

types of glial cells that produce the myelin sheath, a fatty layer that insulates axons and allows for faster nerve impulse transmission

Question 24

Schwann cellls=

Answer 24

myeline axons in the PNS

Question 25

oligodendrocytes=

Answer 25

perform this function in the CNS

Question 26

sensors detect external stimuli and internal conditions and transmit information along---

Answer 26

sensory neurons

Question 27

sensory information is sent to the---

Answer 27

brain or ganglia, where interneurons integrate the information

Question 28

motor output leaves the---

Answer 28

brain or ganglia via motor neurons, which trigger muscle to gland activity

Question 29

nervous systems process information in 3 stages:

Answer 29

sensory input, integration, and motor output

Question 30

CNS what takes place?

Answer 30

integration takes place; this includes he brain and a nerve cord

Question 31

PNS what happens?

Answer 31

which carries information into and out of the CNS

Question 32

when neurons of the PNS, bundled together form---

Answer 32

nerves

Question 33

ion pumps and ion channels establish the--

Answer 33

resting potential of a neuron

Question 34

every cell has a voltage across its plasma membrane called

Answer 34

membrane potential

Question 35

resting potential is---

Answer 35

the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals

Question 36

in a mammalian neuron at resting potential, the concentration of----

Answer 36

K is highest inside the cell, while the concentration of Na is highest outside the cell

Question 37

sodium potassium pumps use the--

Answer 37

energy of ATP to maintain these K and Na gradients across the plasma membrane

Question 38

these concentration gradients represent--

Answer 38

chemical potential energy

Question 39

the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts--

Answer 39

chemical potential to electrical potential

Question 40

changes in membrane potential occur because?

Answer 40

neurons contain gated ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli

Question 41

what direction is action potential?

Answer 41

one direction: toward the synaptic terminals

Question 42

neurons communicate with other cells at--

Answer 42

synapses

Question 43

at electrical synapses the electrical current flows from one neuron to another thru---

Answer 43

gap junctions

Question 44

at chemical synapses, a chemical---- carries information Btwn neurons

Answer 44

NTS

Question 45

most synapses are--

Answer 45

chemical synapses

Question 46

action potential reaches--

Answer 46

axon terminal and depolarizes membrane

Question 47

voltage gated channels are open and --- flows in, which triggers synaptic vesicles to release NTS into the----- and travels it to a dendrite of the next neuron

Answer 47

calcium synaptic cleft

Question 48

NTS binding causes ---

Answer 48

ion channels to open, generating postsynaptic potential

Question 49

neurotransmitters are removed by:

Answer 49

simple diffusion inactivation by enzymes recapture into the presynaptic neurons

Question 50

what is acetylcholine?

Answer 50

a common NTS in vertebraes and invertebraes

Question 51

acetylcholine/ Ach CoA is most involved in:

Answer 51

muscle stimulation, memory formation, learning

Question 52

components of amino acids:

Answer 52

glutamate, GABA, glycine

Question 53

biogenic amines components:

Answer 53

norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin

Question 54

Parkinson related to--

Answer 54

dopamine

Question 55

amino acid NTS are active in the---

Answer 55

CNS and PNS

Question 56

known to function in the CNS are:

Answer 56

glutamate gabba glycine

Question 57

brains primary excitatory NTS boosting brain activity

Answer 57

glutumate

Question 58

brains main calming chemical acting as an inhibitory NTS that slows down nerve activity

Answer 58

GABA

Question 59

crucial amino acid that acts as a building block for proteins

Answer 59

glyceine