chapter 35 part 2

Question 1

stele

Answer 1

in vasular plants, is central core of the root or stem

Question 2

what do stele consist of?

Answer 2

consisting of vascular tissue and associated ground tissues

Question 3

what is the stele of stems and leaves divided into?

Answer 3

vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem

Question 4

pith

Answer 4

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

Question 5

cortex

Answer 5

ground tissue external to vascular tissue

Question 6

the major types of plant cells are:

Answer 6

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water, sugar

Question 7

what plant cell conducts cells of the xylem?

Answer 7

water

Question 8

what plant cell conducts cells of the phloem?

Answer 8

sugar

Question 9

parenchyma are—-

Answer 9

are the most basic and abundant living cells in plants, forming the main bulk of soft plant tissues like leaves, fruit pulp, and root and stem cortex

Question 10

soft plant tissues/

Answer 10

herbasceous

Question 11

what is parenchymas characteristic?

Answer 11

they have thin, flexible cell walls

Question 12

parenchyma functions:

Answer 12

including photosynthesis, food and water storage

Question 13

what is the most basic structure ground tissue have?

Answer 13

parenchyma

Question 14

what is unique about parenchyma cells?

Answer 14

they lack secondary walls

Question 15

collenchyma are—-

Answer 15

are living plant cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that provide flexible structural support to young, growing parts of the plant like stems, leaves, and petioles.

Question 16

collenchyma’s unique thickening gives the tissue ?

Answer 16

strength while allowing for elongation and flexibility

Question 17

sclerenchyma cells are—-

Answer 17

rigid bc of thick secondary walls strengthened with LIGNIN

Question 18

whats a characteristic of lignin?

Answer 18

indigestible strengthening polymer

Question 19

2 types of sclerenchyma cells:

Answer 19

1. sclereids
2. fibers

Question 20

sclereids (sclerenchyma)

Answer 20

are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. appears as single cells

Question 21

fibers (sclerenchyma)

Answer 21

are long and slender, arranged in threads, appears in bundle

Question 22

2 types of water conducting cells:

Answer 22

tracheids
and vessel elements

Question 23

tracheids

Answer 23

are individual, elongated cells with tapered ends and pit pairs/ areolate pits, for water transport

Question 24

function tracheids:

Answer 24

transport water

Question 25

vessel elements:

Answer 25

form continuous tubes called vessels, with perforations in their end wall for efficient water movement

Question 26

perphorated

Answer 26

holes

Question 27

sugar conducting cells of the phloem:

Answer 27

sieve tube elements

Question 28

sieve tube elements

Answer 28

are specialized elongated cells in the phloem of flowering plants that form long tubes for transporting sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant

Question 29

sieve plates

Answer 29

are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

Question 30

whats the function of each sieve tube element having a companion cell?

Answer 30

function to support the sieve-tube element, particularly in loading and unloading sugars

Question 31

meristerms

Answer 31

are regions of unspecialized cells in plants that are capable of cell division

Question 32

2 main types of meristems:

Answer 32

apical meristems and lateral meristerms

Question 33

where are apical meristems located?

Answer 33

at the tips od roots and shoots

Question 34

what is apical meristem responsible for?

Answer 34

primary growth, which is the process of plant elongation specifically along the shoots and roots

Question 35

what do lateral meristems do?

Answer 35

add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth

Question 36

secondary growth

Answer 36

lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants

Question 37

2 lateral meristems:

Answer 37

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 38

vascular cambium

Answer 38

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 39

cork cambium

Answer 39

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

Question 40

primary growth of roots refers to-----

Answer 40

the process of lengthening the root by cell division occurring at the root tip, specifically within the root apical meristem, which is protected by the rootcap

Question 41

primary growth of roots: whats the root tip covered by?

Answer 41

root cap

Question 42

root cap

Answer 42

which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes thru soil

Question 43

where does growth occur?

Answer 43

just behind the root tip

Question 44

growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:

Answer 44

zone of cell division zone of elongation zone of differentiation/ maturation

Question 45

zone of cell division

Answer 45

where new cells are actively produced thru mitosis

Question 46

zone of elongation

Answer 46

newly formed cells expand and lengthen, causing the root to grow in length

Question 47

zone of maturation

Answer 47

cells differentiate into specialized tissues like epidermis, cortex, and vascular tissues

Question 48

endodermis

Answer 48

innermost layer of the cortex

Question 49

endodermis function:

Answer 49

regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder

Question 50

pericycle

Answer 50

is a layer of cells in plant stems and roots that surrounds the vascular tissue

Question 51

what does the pericycle initiate?

Answer 51

initiates the formation of lateral roots

Question 52

a shoot apical meristem

Answer 52

is a dome shaped mass at the shoot tip

Question 53

leaf primordial

Answer 53

leaves develop from leaf primordial along the sides of the apical meristem

Question 54

axillary buds

Answer 54

develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

Question 55

lateral shoots

Answer 55

develop from axillary buds on the stems surface

Question 56

in most eudicots, vascular tissue consists of:

Answer 56

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Question 57

the epidermis in leaves in interrupted by----

Answer 57

stomata

Question 58

stomata

Answer 58

pores that allow co2 and o2 exchange Btwn the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Question 59

what are stomata's a major avenue for?

Answer 59

evaporative loss of water

Question 60

each stomata cell is flanked by ? whats its function?

Answer 60

2 guard cells, which regulate its opening and closing

Question 61

the ground tissue in a leaf is called

Answer 61

mesophyll

Question 62

the mesophyll of eudicots has 2 layers:

Answer 62

palisade mesophyll the spongy mesophyll

Question 63

palisades mesophyll

Answer 63

in the upper part of the leaf

Question 64

the spongy meshy;;

Answer 64

in the lower part of the leaf

Question 65

when u hear secondary growth it means?

Answer 65

give double layer, increases diameter

Question 66

what does secondary growth do in woody plants?

Answer 66

secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

Question 67

who displays secondary growth?

Answer 67

many land plants

Question 68

secondary growth is a characteristic....

Answer 68

of many eudicots BUT NOT monocots

Question 69

where does secondary growth occur?

Answer 69

occur in stems and toots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

Question 70

what occurs simultaneously?

Answer 70

primary growth and secondary growth

Question 71

secondary growth consists of

Answer 71

the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 72

in a typical woody stem, where is the vascular cambium located?

Answer 72

outside the pith and primary xylem and to the inside of the primary phloem and the cortex

Question 73

secondary xylem

Answer 73

accmulates as wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements

Question 74

when is early wood formed?

Answer 74

in the spring, has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery

Question 75

when is late wood formed?

Answer 75

formed in late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes more to them support

Question 76

trees add a new layer of wood each yr which appears as

Answer 76

a ring the the trunk is cut

Question 77

why does the width of each ring vary?

Answer 77

based on the climate during the season

Question 78

what do wide and narrow rings indicate?

Answer 78

wide rings indicate favorable growing conditions narrow rings indicate unfavorable conditions

Question 79

dendrochronology

Answer 79

is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change