chapter 43 Flashcards by Heather Gohari

agents that cause disease, infect a wide range of animals, including human:

pathogens

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what does the immune system recognize?

foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

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innate immunity is also called–

nonspecific immunity

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innate immunity is the—

body’s first line of defense against pathogens

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where is innate immunity present?

at birth and responds quickly to any foreign substance without needing prior exposure

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innate immunity responds to a —–

broad range of pathogens

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adaptive immunity is also called–

specific immunity or acquired immunity

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adaptive immunity is the part of the immune system that—-

develops after exposure to a particular pathogen

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adaptive immunity creates a —

targeted, specific response

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what does adaptive immunity form?

memory so the body can respond faster and stronger if the pathogen is encountered again

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adaptive immunity involves:

lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

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all animals have—

innate immunity (nonspecific), a defense active immediately upon infection. it protects against all antigens

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vertebrates have an—

additional system of defense mechanisms, called adaptive immunity that can recognize and destroy specific substances

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adaptive immunity or acquired immunity develops —-

after exposure to agents

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adaptive immunity or acquired immunity develops after exposure to agents such as :

microbes, toxins, foreign substance

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adaptive immunity involves a —

very specific response to pathogens

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in innate immunity, recognition and response rely on–

waits common to groups of pathogens

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innate immunity is found in

ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS

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in vertebrae,—

innate immunity is a first response to infections and serves as the foundation of adaptive immunity

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innate immunity helps activate and guide—

adaptive immunity

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the immune system of mammals is the best–

understood of the vertebraes

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innate defense include:

barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)

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what are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?

small proteins produced by the body that can kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are also called-

HDPs- host defense peptides

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HDPs are part of the--

innate immune response found among all classes of life

additional defenses unique to vertebrae are:

natural killer cells (NK) interferons inflammatory response

what are natural killer cells?

white blood cells part of innate immunity destroys virus- infected cells and cancer cells

what are interferons?

part of innate immunity they are a type of signaling protein (cytokine) that cells release in response to viral infections

interferons main function is to

interfere with viral replication

what do white blood cells play a crucial role in?

the body's response to injury or infection

key innate defense in --

all vertebraes

inflammatory response helps bring--

phagocytes and proteins to the site of infection

inflammatory response caused by

release of histamine and other chemicals

barrier defenses include:

skin mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinay, and reproductive tracts

what does mucus do?

traps and allow for the removal of microbes

many body fluids including saliva, mucus, and tears are---

hostile to many microbes

what prevents growth of many bacteria?

low PH of skin and the digestive system

the surface of the skin is--- which---

acidic which prevents bacterial growth

saliva, mucus(alkaline phosphate), and the tears (lysosome) contain an

enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

pathogens entering the mammalian body are subject to ---

phagocytosis

phagocytic cells recognize---

groups of pathogens using TLRs

toll like receptors is only in

INNATE

what are toll like receptors?

are proteins on innate immune cells that recognize common molecules found on pathogens and bind to them

what does TLR4 target?

gram negative microorganisms

TLR4 refers to--

a specific type of protein

TLR4 detects the presence of---

gram negative bacteria by recognizing their LPS

what are LPS?

lipopolysaccrides- large molecules found on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

LPS is recognized by

TLR4 on immune cells, which then triggers the body's defense mechanisms against the infection

what is TLR5 known to?

specifically sense and recognize flagellin

what is flagellin?

protein that makes up flagella of many motile bacteria

what does TLR5 play a crucial role in?

the innate immune systems ability to detect and respond to bacterial infections

ex of flagellated bacteria:

ecoli, salmonella, vibrio chloera

2 main types of phagocytic cells in innate immunity of the mammalian body:

1. neutrophils 2.macrophages

neutrophils:

type of wbc, engulfs and destroy pathogens such as bacteria

macrophages derived from

monocytes -wbc

macrophages are found in

tissues (liver, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes)

What does macrophages do?

engulfs pathogens, dead cells, debris also, present antigens to activate adaptive immunity

2 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF PHAGOCYTIC CELLS:

DENDRITIC CELLS eosinophils

what do DENDRITIC CELLS do?

stimulate developments of adaptive immunity and responsible for initiating all antigen specific immune responses

eosinophils

promotes allergic reaction

how does eosinophils promotes allergic reaction?

they discharge destructive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) that may cause dysfunction and destruction of surrounding cells

what is peptides and proteins function?

innate defense by attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

about 30 proteins make up the complement system, which causes lysis---

of invading cells

what does complement system do?(3)

1.enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes 2. clears damaged cells from an organism 3. promotes inflammation and attack the pathogens cell membrane

what are mast cells?

are the first responders, releasing mediators like histamine I response to injury

what does histamine cause?

nearby capillaries to dilate (vasodilation) allowing more blood flow and fluid to reach the injured area

what are cytokines released by?

mast cells and later by macrophages

cytokines are also released by mast cells and later by macrophages which help

coordinate the inflammatory response and attract other immune cells to the site

what are neutrophiles?

first immune cells to arrive at the wound site, often within hours of injury

what is neutrophiles function?

engulfing and destroying bacteria and debris thru phagocytosis

who arrives after neutrophils?

macrophages, typically within 48-72 hours

what are macrophages?

they are wbc that originate from monocytes and leave the bloodstream to engulf and destroy pathogens and cellular debris thru phagocytosis

macrophages transition the wound

from the inflammatory phase to the proliferative and remodeling phases

chapter 43 Flashcards

(73 cards)