bio2 > chapter 31 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 31 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

why do mycologists use genomic techniquest?

A

to classify fungi

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2
Q

who was the ancestor of fungi?

A

an aquatic single celled, flagellated protist

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3
Q

who’s most closely related to fungi?

A

fungi and animals r more closely related to each other than they r to plants or other eukaryotes

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4
Q

fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives form?

A

the opisthokonts clade

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5
Q

opisthokonts clade

A

which represent one of the five super groups of the eukaroytes

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6
Q

what is in the opsithokonts clade?

A

basidiomycota, ascomycota, glomeromycota, zygomycota, chtridiomycota, animilia

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7
Q

who were among the earliest colonizers of the land?

A

fungi

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8
Q

what does fossil evidence indicate?

A

indicates fungi formed mutualistic relationships with early land plants

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9
Q

what does genomic analysis indicate?

A

indicates genes involved in mycorrhizal formation, sym genes, were likely present in the common ancestor to land plants

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10
Q

where are chytrids (phylum chytridiomycota) found?

A

found in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats

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11
Q

chytrids can be (3)

A

decomposers, parasites, mutualists

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12
Q

how r chytrids unique among fungi?

A

in having flagellated spores called zoospores which are a primitive feature not found in other fungal groups

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13
Q

zoospores are only found in_____

A

chytrids

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14
Q

chytrids motile spores are important for?

A

the dispersal, especially in their primarily aquatic or moist enviorments, where the flagella enable the spores to swim and colonize new habitats

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15
Q

chytrids motile spores are important for the dispersal, especially in their primarily aquatic or moist enviorments, where the flagella enable the spores to swim and colonize new habitats. what does this mean?

A

this means they can adapt to the enviorment
ADAPTION

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16
Q

phylum zygomycota

A

are fast growing molds, parasites, and symbiont

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17
Q

phylum zygomycota has 2 structures:

A
  1. asexual reproduction- sporangium
  2. sexual reproduction- zygosporangium
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18
Q

sporangium

A

asexual reproduction
produces haploid spores

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19
Q

Sporangium means literally:

A

comes from spores producing spores

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19
Q

zygosporangium

A

sexual reproduction
contains zygospores which r sexual spores

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20
Q

ex: of zygomycota

A

black bread mold- rhizopus stolonifer

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21
Q

what is the name of black bread mold?

A

rhizopus stolonifer

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22
Q

what is a characteristic trait of zygosporangnum?

A

are resistant to freezing and drying and can therefore survive unfavorable conditions

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23
Q

what can some zygomycetes do?

A

some zygomycetes such as pilobolus can actually aim and shoot their sporangia toward bright light

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24
why would pilots aim and shoot their sporangia toward the bright light?
its sensitive to bright light so would shoot
25
piloboluss primary function is to:
disperse its spores
26
how does pilobolus shoot sporangia?
they use a unique mechanism where turgor pressure builds within the sporangium causing it to be shot forcefully often towards a light source
27
the glomeromycetes were once considered:
zygomycetes but are now classified in a separate clade
28
what do glomeromycetes form?
arbuscular mycorrhizae
29
ascomycota dwell in?
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
30
What types of cellular organization are found within the phylum Ascomycota?
unicellular or multicellular
31
phylum ascomycota have what type of reproduction?
have asexual and sexual
32
conidiophore (ascomycota)
asexual reproduction structure and produce asexual spores conidia
33
ascomycota- ASCOCARP
sexual reproduction structure, fruiting body, sexual spores ascospores contained in asci which lines the ascocarp
34
any spores germinate?
hyphae
35
sexual spores ascospores are contained in?
asci
36
ascospores produce via
sexual reproduction
37
what do ascomycetes include?
plant pathogens, decomposers and symbionts
38
how do ascomycetes reproduce asexually?
by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia
39
ex of ascomycetes:
neurospora crassa
40
neurospora crassa (ascomycetes) is
a bread mold and is a model organism with a well studied genome
41
phylum basidiomycota ex:
mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi
42
phylum basidiomycota has what type of reproduction?
ONLY sexual stage observed
43
phylum basidiomycota - sexual reproductive structure form
fruiting body
44
phylum basidiomycota known as
basdiocarp
45
basdiocarp has within (2)
1.lined with club like structures called BASIDIA 2.hold sexual spores called BASDIOSPORES
46
what do fungi play a key role in?
nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
47
fungi interact with other organisms as :
decomposers, mutualists and pathogens
48
fungi are efficient decomposers of organic material including
cellulose and lichin
49
who do fungi have mutualistic relationships with?
plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals
50
fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals and all of these relationships have
profound ecological effects
51
fungus-plant mutualisms ex:
mycorrhizae
52
mycorrhizae are ______
are enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture
53
what do plants harbor?
plants harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes
54
endophytes
fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts
55
what do endophytes do?
make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
56
most endophytes are______
ascomycetes
57
what is a lichen?
A LICHEN IS a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus
58
where are millions of photosynthetic cells held?
are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
59
what is the photosynthetic component of lichen?
green algae or cyanobacteria
60
explain the symbiotic relationship Btwn algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi
the algae provide carbon compounds cyanobacteria also provide organic nitrogen fungi provide the environment for growth
61
how can the fungi of lichens reproduce?
sexually or asexually
62
for lichens asexual reproduction is by ______
fragmentation or the formation of soredia
63
soredia
small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
64
what is formed during asexual reproduction of lichens?
soredia
65
about 30 percent of known fungal species are
parasites or pathogens mostly on or in plants
66
fungi most easily can cause
disease
67
each yr 10% to 50% of the worlds_____
fruit harvest is lost due to fungi
68
some fungi that attack food crops are
toxic to humans
69
ergot of rye
is caused by an ascomycete and produces toxins
70
more than 40,000 ppl died from an epidemic of --------
ergotism during the middle ages
71
egotism is characterized by
gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations and temporary insanity
72
what do ergots contain?
lysergic acid
73
lysergic acid
the raw material for LSD
74
mycosis
the general term for a fungal infection in animals
75
human mycoses ex:
ringworm and athletes foot
76
systemic literally mean
spread thru whole system
77
systemic mycoses
spread thru the body
78
systemic mycoses ex:
coccidiodomycosis produces tuberculous- like symptoms
79
some mycoses are
opportunistic
80
opportunistic infections happens-----
in immunal compromised ppl ie:cancer,aids,HIV
81
some mycoses are opportunistic ie:
candida albicans
82
candida albicans
which causes yeast infections in humans
83
practical uses of fungi: humans eat ----
many fungi and use others to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages and bread
84
some fungi are used to
produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
85
some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections ie:
the ascomycete PENNCILIN
86
who discovered penicillin in 1928?
Alexander fleming
87
how did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin in 1928?
when he noticed a fungus called penicillium was preventing bacteria from growing on a petri dish
88
the distinguishing factor of : chytridiomycota
flagellated spores
89
the distinguishing factor of : zygomycota
resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
90
the distinguishing factor of : glomeromycota
arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants
91
the distinguishing factor of : ascomycota
sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci, vast numbers of asexual spores ( conidia ) produced
92
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