chapter 31 Flashcards by Heather Gohari

ex of fungi

mighty mushrooms

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fungi are

diverse and widespread

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fungi are essential for?

the well being of most terrestrial ecosystems

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function of fungi

they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

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how many species of fungi have been described

abt 100,000 species

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how many species of fungi r there abt

1.5 million estimated

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what type of nutrition do fungi have?

heterotrophic and feed by apsorption

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despite their diversity, fungi share key traits, most importantly the way—-

in which they derive nutrition

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how to heterotrophic fungi absorb nutrients?

from outside their body

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what does fungi uses enzymes to do?

to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

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whats the enzyme called the one that fungi uses to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds?

hydrolytic enzymes- hydrolase

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fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles:(3)

decomposers, parasites, mutualists

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fungi- DECOMPOSERS

they obtain nutrients by BREAKING DOWN dead organic matter, such as fallen leaves, wood and animal remains

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the process of decomposing releases—–

nutrients back into the ecosystem, making the available for other organisms

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some fungi are——
meaning——-

parasites
meaning they obtain nutrients from a living host, often causing harm to the host

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fungi that can cause disease ex: 2

plants - produce potent toxins that can damage or kill plant cells
2.animals- can directly colonize and destroy animal tissues, leading to disease

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mutualism

2 diff species help each other to survive and thrive together

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mutualist ex:

mycorrhizae- where fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots

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explain the mycorrhizae mutualist relationship

the fungus provides water and nutrients to the plant, while the plant provides sugars to the fungus

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whats the most common body structure of fungus?

multicellular filaments and single cells(yeast)

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single cells-

yeast

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how do some species of fungus grow?

some species grow as either filaments or yeasts; others grow as both

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what does the morphology of multicellular fungi do?

enhances their ability to absorb nutrients

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what does fungi consist of?

mycelia

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mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

fungal cell wall containns

chitin

what does chitin allow the fungus to do ?

Maintain shape, interact with its environment, while also protecting it from external stresses

what do most fungi have?

hyphae divided into cells by SEPTA , with pores allowing cell to cell movement of organelles

most fungi are

eukaryotic and unicellular

hyphae function:

adapted for absorption

what does septum mean?

wall

what do pores allow?

to go in and out allowing cell to cell interaction

has lots of thousands of nuclei

coenocytic hypha

coenocytic fungi

lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

haustoria

some unique fungi have specialized hyphae

what does haustoria do?

allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

mycorrhizae

are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

ectomycorrhizal fungi

forms a beneficial, mutualistic symbiotic relationship with roots of trees and other plants

how dow ectomycorrhizal fungi forms a beneficial, mutualistic symbiotic relationship with roots of trees and other plant?

creating a sheath around the root tip called MANTLE and forming a HARTIG NET and root cells without entering them

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

are soil dwelling fungi that forms a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of most land plants

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are characterized by the formation of -------

arbuscules- which are tree-like structures where the exchange of nutrients and carbon (co2) occurs within the plants root cells

this vital association arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances

plant growth, nutrient uptake, and contributes to soil health

arbuscules

which are tree-like structures where the exchange of nutrients and carbon (co2) occurs within the plants root cells

mycorrhizal fungi function

deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants

what do most vascular plants have?

mycorrhizae

how do mycorrhizal fungi colonize soils?

colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells called spores

haploid cells

spores

haploid cells

what do fungi use to communicate their mating type?

use sexual signaling molecules called pheromones

pheromones

sexual signaling molecules

how does sexual reproduction occur with fungi?

pheromones

give an ex of animals using pheromones

male moths detects pheromones that is released by the female moths. male moths then fly upwind and towards the scent

fungal life cycle has 3 stages:

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

how can fungi reproduce?

asexually or sexually

when fungi reproduce sexually its

via chemical signals- pheremones

asexual reproduction of fungal cycle

involves germination of haploid spores which divide by mitosis to produce hyphae which forms mycelia

basic building blocks of fungi

hyphae

mycelia

mass of hyphae that make up the body of fungus

molds produce

haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

sexua reproduction of fungi first step

begins when hyphae of different mating types fuse their cytoplasm in a process called plasmogamy, producing heterokaryotic cells with haploid nuclei

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

heterokaryotic cells=

HAPLOID

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

2. sexual reproduction of fungi

during karyogomy, the haploid nuclei face producing diploid cells/zygote

when does karyogamy start?

hours, days, or even centuries may pass before the occurrence of karyogomy

during karyogomy, how long is the diploid phase?

the diploid phase is short-lived and undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores

the paired process of karyogomy and meiosis produce?

genetic variation

diploid nuclei=

zygote

after germination always in asexual or sexual of fungi comes.....

mycellium

other fungi that can reproduce asexually are----

yeasts- which r single cells

instead of producing spores, how do yeast divide?

yeasts reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the PINCHING OF "BUD CELLS" from a parent cell

how can some fungi grow?

as yeasts and as filamentous mycelia

budding- asexual reproduction of yeast:

1.parent cell 2. bud forming 3.nucleus division-mitosis 4. daughter cell and bud separates from parent cell

filamentous mycelia

refers to a network of thread-like branching filaments called hyphae

filamentous mycelia make up

the vegetative body of fungus

many molds and yeast have no----

known sexual stage

mycologists hae traditionally called these, fungi -------

deuteromycetes

mycologists can now also use-------

genomic techniquest to classify fungi

techniquest

manipulate an organsims entire genetic makeup

chapter 31 Flashcards

(79 cards)