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chapterr44 Flashcards

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1
Q

physiological systems of animals operate in a —

A

fluid enviorment

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2
Q

2 key of homeostatic processes:

A

osmoregulation and excretion

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3
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

how animals balance their solute concentration and balance of water gain and loss

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4
Q

excretion:

A

how animals get rid of nitrogen containing waste product of metabolism

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5
Q

the net movement of solvent molecules(typically water) across a semipearanble membrane==

A

osmosis

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6
Q

what is osmosis?

A

higher solvent concentration(lower solute concentration) to a region of lower solvent concentration(higher solute concentration)

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7
Q

this movement (osmosis) occurs until the concentration of solute is—

A

equal on both sides of the membrane

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8
Q

if 2 solutions are isomatic(no net movement)….

A

water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

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9
Q

water enters and leaves cells by-

A

osmosis

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10
Q

if 2 solutions differ in osmolarity…

A

the net flow od water is from the hypo somatic( lower concentrated) to hyper somatic (more concentrated) solution

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11
Q

2 strategies used by organisms to manage the concentration of water and salts in their bodies relative to their enviorment:

A

osmoconformers and osmoregulators

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12
Q

osmoregulation is based largely on-

A

balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes

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13
Q

movement of solutes between internal fluids and external enviorment=

A

osmoregulation

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14
Q

osmoconformers are most–

A

marine invertebrates like jellyfish, starfish, crab, lobster, scallop, mussels

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15
Q

osmoregualtor are most–

A

vertebraes like fish, amphibians, and mammals

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16
Q

where do freshwater fish live?

A

in an enviorment where the water has a lower concentration of salts (hypotonic) compared to their body fluids

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17
Q

water constantly enters the freshwater fish thru their-

A

skin and gills

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18
Q

to counteract this constant water intake, freshwater fish produce—

A

a large volume of dilute urine

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19
Q

why do freshwater fish produce a large volume of dilute urine?

A

to get rid of excess water while retaining essential salts

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20
Q

freshwater fish also–

A

actively absorb salts thru their gills to compensate for loss

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21
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish live in

A

hypertonic enviorment bc more solute

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22
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish: the water outside their bodies is…

A

saltier than the water inside

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23
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish: water moves out of the fish’s body into the surrounding seawater thru–

A

osmosis

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24
Q

osmoregulation in marine fish: to compensate water loss, Marin fish—

A

drink seawater then excrete the excess salt thru the gills and kidneys

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25
the kidneys of marine fish are---
specialized to reabsorb as much water as possible, resulting in a small amount of highly concentrated urine
26
body pertaining to salts at equalibrium=
osmoconformer
27
osmoconformer==
concentration of solutes is the same inside their bodies as it is outside
28
osmoconformer bc they conform to their enviorment,
osmoconformers dont need to expend energy to regulate solute concentrations
29
some aquatic invertebrates in temporary pond/ dessert---
lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state
30
some aquatic invertebrates in temporary pond/ dessert lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state. THIS ADAPTION IS CALLED ---
anydrobiosis
31
when tardigrade is faced with dry conditions it---
retracts its head and legs, curling into a dehydrated, compact ball called tun. this greatly reduces its surface area minimizing water loss
32
many desert animals exhibit--
nocturnal behaior- venturing out at night when temperatures are cooler and water loss is reduced
33
most animals, osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal relay on-
TRANSPORT EPITHELIA
34
what is TRANSPORT EPITHELIA?
specialized cells that moves solutes in specific directions
35
ducts>--->
central ducts> secretory tubules
36
transport epithelia is in the ---- of marine birds, removes excess sodium chloride from blood
nasal glands
37
what do salt excreting glands do?
drain salt into central duct
38
what do central duct transport salt from?
the blood into the lumen of secretory tubules
39
among the most significant wastes are---- products of---
nitrogenous breakdown proteins and nucleic acids
40
some animals covert toxic---
ammonia (NH3) to less toxic compounds prior to excretion
41
animals excrete nitrogenous wastes in different forms which have different toxicity:
ammonia NH3, urea, uric acid
42
what is the most toxic nitrogenous waste?
ammonia
43
animals that excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia require access to----- because----
large amounts of water ammonia is highly toxic and needs to be diluted to safe levels for excretion
44
ammonia is---- which allows aquatic animals to---
readily soluble easily release it into the surrounding enviorment
45
the liver of mammals and adult amphibians convert--
ammonia to the less toxic urea
46
the circulatory system carries--
urea to the kidneys, where it is excreted
47
excretion of urea requires less water than--
ammonia
48
insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds, mainly---
excrete uric acid
49
uric acid is relatively---
nontoxic and does not dissolve readily in water
50
it can be secreted as a paste with little water loss=
uric acid
51
most excretory systems produce urine by---
refining a filtrate derived from body fluids
52
key functions of most excretory systems:
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
53
filtration-
filtering of body fluids, occurs within glomeuli
54
reabsorption-
reclaiming valuable solutes, occurs in pct
55
secretion:
adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate, occurs in pct
56
excretion:
processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body, occurs in cd
57
excretory organs of vertebraes=
kidneys
58
which organ functions in both excretion and osmoregulation?
kidneys
59
numbers tubules of kidneys are--
highly organized
60
functional unit of kidneys=
nephron
61
loop of henle/
LOH
62
each kidney contains millions of---, and each-- includes a --- and a ----
nephrons nephron glomerulus Bowmans capsules
63
glomerulus=
a network of capillaries
64
Bowmans capsules=
a cup like structure
65
GFR/ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE==
as blood flows thru the glomerulus, blood pressure forces water and small dissolved substances thru the filtration membrane into Bowmans capsule
66
which process is the first step in urine formation?
filtration
67
filter contains:
salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes and other small molecules
68
juxtamedullary nephrons:
are a type of nephron characterized by a very long loop of henle that descends deeply into the medulla, creating conditions that facilitate urine concetration
69
humans, approximately 15% of nephrons are--
juxtamedullary
70
cortical nephron are found in the ---
renal cortex
71
cortical nephron play a crucial role in---
filtering blood and maintaining osmotic balance by reabsorbing water and solutes like sodium and potassium
72
after the filtrate is formed in Bowmans capsule, ----
the kidneys reabsorb necessary substances like ion, water and nutrients back into the bloodstream thru the pct
73
descending limb of the loop of henle=
ONLY WATER REABSORPTION
74
descending limb of the loop of henle contains
aqualorin proteins, which facilitates water reabsorption
75
descending limb of the loop of henle process is crucial for--
concentrating urine and maintaining the body's fluid balance
76
ascending limb of the loop of henle:
SALT but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid
77
ascending limb of the loop of henle: the filtrate becomes--
increasingly dilute
78
4 ions involved in distal tube:
K, NaCl, H, HCO3
79
the DCT regulates the -----
K and NaCl concentrations of body fluids
80
distal tube: the controlled movement of ions (H and HCO3) contributes to---
ph regulation
81
collecting ducts merge as they----
descend deeper into the medulla to empty filtrate at a renal papilla to the renal pelvis
82
one of most important tasks is---
reabsorption of solutes and water
83
2 primary solutes affecting osmolarity rate are:
NaCl and urea
84
in proximal tube, filtrate volume ----
decreases as water and salt are reabsorbed , but osmolarity remains the same
85
as the filtrate flows to the descending limb of the loop of henle,----
solutes become more concentrated due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis
86
NaCl diffusing from the---
ascending limb maintains high osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla
87
which duct does osmosis extracts water from the filtrate as it passes from cortex to medulla and encounters interstitial fluid of increasing osmolarity?
collecting duct
88
which combination of systems control manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney?
nervos and hormonal/endocrine
89
a combination of nervous and hormonal/endocrine control manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney.these controls contribute to---
homeostasis for blood pressure and blood volume
90
Adh released from---
posterior pituitary gland
91
ADH also known as
vasopressin
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