bio2 > chapter 38 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 38 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do diff floral organs do?

A

can fuse together, creating unique shapes that facilitate pollination by specific pollinators

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2
Q

what is located inside receptacles?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

flowers have develped features like—–

A

vibrant colors, strong scents, and nectar glands to specifically attract particular pollinators, increasing the likelihood of successful pollen transfer

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4
Q

THE ANGIOSPERM LIFE CYCLE INCLUDES

A
  1. gametophyte development
  2. pollination
  3. double fertilization
  4. seed development
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5
Q

development of male gametophytes in pollen grains: pollen develops from—–

A

microspores within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs of anthers

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6
Q

development of male gametophytes in pollen grains: each microspore—

A

undergoes mitosis to produce 2 cells: generative cell and tube cell

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7
Q

what does pollen grain consist of:

A

the two-celled: male gametophyte and spore wall

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8
Q

—– found in anther’s pollen sacs

A

2n cells

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9
Q

a pollen sac is

A

microsporangium, where pollen grains develop

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10
Q

where are microspores found?

A

in pollen sac- microsporangium

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11
Q

pollination of angiosperms:

A

in angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

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12
Q

after pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma.. what happens?

A

a pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges 2 sperm cells near the embryo sac

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13
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte

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14
Q

double fertiliZATION.. what happens?

A

one sperm fertilizes the egg( forms a zygote) and the other combines with 2 polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)

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15
Q

what does double fertilization ensure?

A

ensures that endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized egg

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16
Q

synergids

A

are 2 specialized cells in the embryo sac located next to the egg cell and function to guide the pollen tube

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17
Q

synergies function:

A

guide the pollen tube

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18
Q

after double fertilization,—-

A

each ovule develops into a seed

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19
Q

the ovary develops into a

A

fruit enclosing the seed

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20
Q

when a seed germinates,—-

A

the embryo develops into a new sporophyte

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21
Q

the development of a seed into a flowering plant includes several stages:

A

endosperm development, embryo development, seed dormancy, seed germination, seedling development, flowering

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22
Q

embryo development starts with—

A

mitotic division of zygote

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23
Q

the first mitotic division of a zygote( fertilized egg) in plants, like angiosperms, result in a division into:

A

a basal cell and terminal cell

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24
Q

basal cell

A

generally develops into a multicellular suspensor, which helps nourish the developing embryo

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25
terminal cell
develops into the embryo itself
25
embryo devolopment: which gives rise to most of the embryo?
terminal cell
26
cotyledons
an embryonic leaf in seed- bearing plants, forms and the embryo elongates
27
a mature seed typically consists of 3 main parts:
seed coat- outermost protective layer endosperm- stores nutrients embryo- is the developing plant
28
hypocotyl literally means
below the cotyledons the embryonic axis
29
epicotyl literally means
above the cotyledons
30
Hypocotyl
part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root
31
what does hypocotyl contain?
contains the radicle, which is the embryonic root. so it connects the leaves to the roots
32
as the hypocotyl grows upward,---
it bends and hooks around, pulling the cotyledons and radicle along with it
33
how can the cotyledons and radicle be pulling?
as the hypocotyl grows upward
34
upon exposure to light,---
the hook straightens, lifting the cotyledons and epicotyl above the soil surface, while the radicle continues to grow downward, establishing the root system
35
what does radicle do?
grows downward bc it forms embryonic root system
36
seed dormancy
increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling
37
the breaking of the seed dormancy....
often requires environmental cues, such as temperature or lighting changes
38
most seeds remain---
viable after a year or two of dormancy, but some last only days and other can remain viable for centuries
39
when a seed is placed in a moist environment ,----
it begins to absorb water thru its seed coat, a process called imbibition
39
imbibition
when a seed is placed in a moist environment, it begins to absorb water thru its seed coat
40
what depends on imbibition?
germination
40
imbibition which is the process----
where a dry seed absorbs water due to its low water potential
41
what happened after germination which depends on imbibition?
radicle ( embryonic root) emerges first; the developing root system anchors the plants
42
function of radicle:
anchors the plants
43
germination which depends on imbibition> radicle emerges first> ----
next the shoot tip breaks thru the soil surface
44
flowers of a given plant species----
are synchronized to appear at a specific time of the year to promote outbreeding
45
flowering is triggered by----
a combination of environmental cues and internal signals
46
synchronized flowering
where a large number of plants of the same species bloom at the same time, is a mechanism to promote outbreeding, or cross-pollination
47
a fruit
is the mature ovary of a flower
48
in some fruits, such as soybean pods, -----
the ovary wall dries out maturity, whereas in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy
49
how are fruits classifies?
based on their developmental origin
50
simple fruits develop from----
a single or several fused carpels/ pistols
51
aggregate fruit
results from a single flower with multiple separate carpels(MUST HAE MULTIPLE SEP. CARPELS)
52
which fruit must have multiple separate carpels?
aggregate fruit
53
multiple fruits develop from----
a group of flowers called an inflorescence
54
fruit dispersal mechanisms:
water, wind, animals
55
flowering plants reproduce?
asexually, sexually or both
56
sexual reproduction results
in offspring that are genetically different from their parents
57
asexual reproduction results
in a clone of genetically identical organisms
58
mechanisms of asexual reproduction involves:
fragmentation and apomixis
59
fragmentation
separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants , is a very common type of asexual reproduction
60
apomixis
is the asexual reproduction of seeds from a diploid cell
61
asexual reproduction is also called-----
vegetative reproduction bc progeny(offspring) arise from mature vegetative fragments
62
all genetic material is passed to the-----
progeny
63
how can asexual reproduction be beneficial?
to a succesful plant in a stable enviorment (proper temp, proper photosynthesis)
64
what does sexual reproduction generate?
generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaption possible
65
sexual reproduction generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaption possible.HOWEVER-----
only a fraction of seedlings survive
66
some flowers can----
self fertilize to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed
67
many angiosperms have mechanisms----
that make it difficult or impossible for a flower to self-fertilize
68
dioecious species
are those where male and female reproductive organs are on SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL PLANTS therefore never self fertilize and does cross fertilization
69
species that cant doself fertilization
dioecious species
70
what does it mean mechanisms cant self fertilize?
ull find individual plants with only staminate flowers, and other idivual plants with only carpellate flowers
71
self-incompatibility (SI)--
in flowering plant is a genetic mechanism that prevents self fertilization, thereby promoting outcrossing and increased genetic diversity
72
the S-locus
is a group of genes responsible for self incompatibility. it contains multiple allelles
73
when pollen carrying an s allele lands on a stigma,that also carries the same allele,-----
the plants SI system recognizes this match and triggers a response to reject the pollen
74
the s locus how do they self fertilize?
NEEDS TO HAVE AN ALLELE
75
If the pollen’s allele matches the plant’s allele
fertilization is blocked
76
If the pollen’s S-allele is different from the pistil’s alleles
cross fertilization is allowed.
77
the plants SI system recognizes this match and triggers a response to reject the pollen. what does the rejection involve:
preventing the pollen tube from going into the style, thus preventing fertilization
78
ppl modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering:
hybridization and maize
79
hybridization
is a common nature and has been used by breeders to introduce new genes
80
maize
a product of artificial selection, is a staple in many developing countries
81
maize ex:
known as corn in North American and Australia, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain
82
bt toxin
is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins primarily killing caterpillars and other insects
83
bt maize has
less insect damage and lower infection by FUSARIUM FUNGUS that produces the cancer causing toxin and therefore has 90% less of cancer causing toxin than non-bt corn
bio2
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