chapter 41 part 2

Question 1

hydrochloric acid —-

Answer 1

secreted from gastric parietal cells

Question 2

gastric parietal cells function:

Answer 2

kills food derived bacteria

Question 3

how does the stomach defend itself from hydrochloric acid?

Answer 3

by creating a mucus coating by producing bicarbonate/hco3

Question 4

bicarbonate acts as a

Answer 4

buffer

Question 5

the stomach defend itself from hydrochloric acid by creating a mucus coating by producing bicarbonate/hco3.
if this functions are impaired it can lead to—-

Answer 5

ulcer

Question 6

the first stage of digestion Is—

Answer 6

mechanical and takes place in the oral cavity

Question 7

salivary glands deliver

Answer 7

saliva to lubricate food

Question 8

saliva also contains—-

Answer 8

mucus

Question 8

mucus is

Answer 8

a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells and glycoproteins

Question 9

whats the function of teeth?

Answer 9

to chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary amylase

Question 10

salivary amylase initiates

Answer 10

the breakdown of glucose polymers

Question 11

it goes from starch a complex carbohydrates into

Answer 11

maltose

Question 12

salivary amylase begins the process

Answer 12

of carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starches into sugars, such as maltose

Question 13

this initial enzymatic breakdown is essential for

Answer 13

further digestion and absorption of nutrients as the food moves thru the rest of the digestive system

Question 14

what breaks down starch?

Answer 14

salivary amylase

Question 15

the tongue shapes food into

Answer 15

a bolus and provides help with swallowing

Question 16

the throat, or pharynx function:

Answer 16

is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Question 17

the esophagus connects to the —-

Answer 17

stomach

Question 18

the trachea leads to—–

Answer 18

the lungs

Question 19

pharynx:3

Answer 19

1. nasopharynx nose
2. oropharynx mouth
3. hypo pharynx/ laringo- pharynx. Leads to trachea and esophogus

Question 20

during swallowing, what happens?

Answer 20

the larynx is pulled upward and forward, and the leaf shaped epiglottis folds backward to cover the opening of the larynx and trachea

Question 21

during swallowing, the larynx is pulled upward and forward, and the leaf shaped epiglottis folds backward to cover the opening of the larynx and trachea. this prevents?

Answer 21

food or liquid from entering the lungs, an action known as aspiration

Question 22

whats function of stomach?

Answer 22

stores food and begins digestion of proteins

Question 23

the stomach secretes—-

Answer 23

gastric juice, which converts meal to chyme

Question 24

whats chyme?

Answer 24

a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food. its a mixture of gastric juice and boulous

Question 25

gastric juice has a

Answer 25

low ph of abt 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins

Question 26

gastric juice is made up of

Answer 26

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Question 27

whats pepsin?

Answer 27

a protease, or protein-digesting enzyme that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

Question 28

parietal cells secrete----

Answer 28

hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach

Question 29

chief cells secrete?

Answer 29

inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 30

the lining of the stomach creates----

Answer 30

mucus which protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

Question 31

what releases pepsinogen?

Answer 31

chief cells

Question 32

gastric ulcers===

Answer 32

lesions in the lining, are caused mainly by the bacterium helicobacter pylori

Question 33

h pylori bacteria are usually---

Answer 33

passed from person to person thru direct contact with saliva, vomit, or stool

Question 34

h pylori may also be spread thru

Answer 34

contaminated food or water

Question 35

pyloric sphncters---

Answer 35

prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

Question 36

small intestine is

Answer 36

longest component of the alimentary canal

Question 37

main function of small intestine:

Answer 37

chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients (90%) from the chyme

Question 38

small intestine divided into 3 parts:

Answer 38

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 39

duodenum----

Answer 39

Btwn stomach and jejunum first and shortest part of the small intestine, where most of the digestion process occurs

Question 40

jejunum----

Answer 40

Btwn deuodenum and ileum the middle part of the small intestine, where most of the nutrient absorption takes place

Question 41

ileum

Answer 41

Btwn jejunum and large intestine the last and longest part of the small intestine, where the remaining nutrients are absorbed and water is reabsorbed

Question 42

salivary amylase -breaking down.....

Answer 42

starch when chewing food, converting into maltose(simple sugar), a smaller carbohydrate

Question 43

what does the pancreas produce?

Answer 43

proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duoedenum

Question 44

what do trypsin and chymotrypsin break down?

Answer 44

proteins into smaller molecules

Question 45

what type of enzyme is pepsin and what does it do?

Answer 45

is a digestive enzyme that is released into the stomach as pepsinogen

Question 46

pancreatic amylase is secreted by the -------

Answer 46

pancreas into the smaller intestine to continue the digestion of the incoming starch

Question 47

pancreatic lipase is usually secreted by the -----

Answer 47

pancreas and transferred to the duodenum to participate in the digestion of fat

Question 48

what are dissachrides?

Answer 48

a group of enzymes of the small intestinal, that are essential for degradation of disacchrides

Question 49

in the small intestine, bile----

Answer 49

aids in digestion and absorption of fats

Question 50

bile is made---- and stored in the ---

Answer 50

1. liver 2.gallbladder

Question 51

why does the small intestine have a huge surface area?

Answer 51

due to villi and microvilli that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

Question 52

what does the enormous microvillar surface create?

Answer 52

a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

Question 53

what does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 53

carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then hepatic vein then inferior vena cava and then to heart

Question 54

what does the liver regulate?

Answer 54

nutrient distribution, detoxifies many organic molecules

Question 55

how do nutrients enter the heart?

Answer 55

inferior vena cava

Question 56

what are chylomicrons?

Answer 56

tinny fat droplets

Question 57

where is chylomicrons formed?

Answer 57

in the small intestine after fat absorption

Question 58

chylomicrons are tiny fat droplets composed of:

Answer 58

triglycerides, small amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and some protein

Question 59

where are chylimcrons absorbed?

Answer 59

in the intestinal villi and transported into the lacteals

Question 60

lacteals are

Answer 60

lymphatic vessel in the small intestine

Question 61

why are chylimcrons absorbed in the intestinal villi and transported into the lacteals?

Answer 61

bc they're too large to enter blood capillaries directly

Question 62

how to lacteal chylomicrons enter the bloodstream?

Answer 62

thru the left subclavian vein and are carried to various tissues,

Question 63

what happens when the lacteal chylomicrons are in the bloodstream?

Answer 63

their triglycerides are broken down and used for energy or stored as fat

Question 64

the colon of the large intestine is connected to the ---

Answer 64

small intestine

Question 65

where cecum connects?

Answer 65

where the small and large intestine meet

Question 66

the human cecum has an extension called the ----

Answer 66

appendix

Question 67

what does colon/LI do?

Answer 67

completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine

Question 68

feces include---

Answer 68

undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon

Question 69

where are feces stored? until...

Answer 69

in the rectum until they can be eliminated thru the anus