chapter 41 Flashcards by Heather Gohari

essential nutrients

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

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4 classes in essential nutrients

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

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animals require—

20 amino acids and can synthesize abt half from molecules in their diet

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animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize abt half from molecules in their diet. THE REMAINING AMINO ACIDS,——–

the essential amino acids are obtained from the food in preassembled form

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who provides the essential amino acids and are thus “complete proteins”?

meat, eggs, and cheese

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essential fatty acids must be obtained from the—

diet and include unsaturated fatty acids

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unsaturated fats contain—-

one or more double bonds between the molecules. These fats are liquid at room temp in oil form

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why is unsaturated fats healthier than saturated?

bc fats are liquid at room temp

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deficiencies in fatty acids are—

rare

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vitamins are====

organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

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how many vitamins are essential for humans?

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vitamins r grouped into 2 categories?

fat soluble and water soluable

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fat soluble vitamins are

ADEK ONLY THESE 4 everything else is water solube

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water soluble

vit c, vit b complex

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water soluble: b1/ thiamine

beriberi (tingling, poor coordination, reduced heart function)

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water soluble: b2/ riboflavin

skin lesions, such as cracks at corners of mouth

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water soluble: b3/niacin

skin and gastrointestinal lesions, delusions, confusion

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water soluble: b5/pantothenic acid

fatigue, numbness, tingling of hands and feet

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water soluble: b6/ pyridoxine

irritability, convulsions, muscular twitching, anemia

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water soluble: b7/biotin

scalymuscle

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water soluble: b9/folic acid

anemia, birth defects

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water soluble: b12/cobalamin

anemia, numbness,,loss of balance

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water soluble: C/ ascorbic acid

scurvy

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fat soluble: A(retinol)

blindness, skin disorders, repaired immunity

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fat soluble: D

rickets in children, bone softening in adults

fat soluble: E tocopherol

nervous system degeneration

fat soluble: K (phylloquinone)

defective blood clotting/ coagulation

coagulation

to blood clot

CALCIUM major dietary sources:1. major functions in the body:2. symptoms of deficiency:3.

1.dairy products, dark green vegetables, legumes 2. bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function 3. impaired growth, loss of bone mass

PHOSPHORUS major dietary sources:1. major functions in the body:2. symptoms of deficiency:3.

1. dairy products, meats, grains 2. bone and tooth formation, acid base balance nucleotide synthesis 3. weakness, loss of minerals from bone, calcium loss

sulfur symptoms of deficiency:

impaired growth, fatigue, swelling

potassium symptoms of deficiency:

muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, heart failure

CHLORINE major functions in the body:1 symptoms of deficiency:2

1.acid-base balance, formation of gastric juice, nerve function, osmotic balance 2. muscle cramps, reduced appetite

SODIUM symptoms of deficiency:

muscle cramps, reduced appetite

magnesium symptoms of deficiency:

nervous system distrubances

iron symptoms of deficiency:

iron-deficiency anemia, weakness, impaired immunity

fluorine symptoms of deficiency:

higher frequency of tooth decay

iodine symptoms of deficiency:

goiter(enlarged thyroid gland) associates with hyper and hypo

undernutrition results when------

a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

an undernourished individual will (5).....

1. use up stored fat and carbohydrates 2. break down its own proteins 3. lose muscle mass 4.suffer protein deficiency of thee brain 5. die or suffer irreversible damage

the stages of food processing:

ingestion>digestion(mouth to stomach)> absorption(mainly in small intestine)> elimination(mainly thru feces)

ingestion has 2 parts of digestion

1. mechanical(physical) digestion 2.chemical digestion ( enzymes hydrolysis) in mouth

ingestion is the process of---

taking food into the body, usually thru the mouth

strategies for extracting resources from food differ widely---

among animal species

mechanical breakdown:

teeth, tongue, salvitory glands: 1. patoid and submandibular= produces serous (thin) fluid 2. sublingual produces mucus(thick) fluid

chemical breakdown:

salvitory enzyme such as amylase (breakdown strach=carbs)

digestion this stage involves breaking down food, both:

1.physically (like chewing) and 2.chemically ( with enzymes and acids) into smaller molecules and the body can absorb

enzymatic hydrolysis====

a key process in chemical digestion, involves enzymes breaking down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water, thus splitting chemical bonds

absorption is----

an uptake of nutrients by body cells

nutrients from the digested food are absorbed into the-----

bloodstream, primarily in the small intestine

elimination is----

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

ex of elimination:

feces- waste product and stored in rectum and expelled thru anus

most animals process food in -----

specialized compartments which r various organs and structures within an animals digestive system

why do most animals process food in specialized compartments which r various organs and structures within an animals digestive system?

reduce the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

specialized compartments are adapted to ------

handle diff types of food and efficiently break them down

sponges

a few animals, digest their food entirely by the intracellular digestion mechanism

What do simple multicellular animals (sponges) lack?

a digestive system

What do sponges do to food particles?

sponges filter food particles from the water and then engulf them thru a process called phagocytosis

intracellular digestion mechanism in sponges involves:

1. lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes 2. lysosome fuses with food vacuole via exocytosis 3. hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles

hydra possess a ----

simple digestive system featuring a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus

the single opening of hydra leads to-----

gastrovascular cavity where both extracellular and intracellular occur

more complex molecules have digestive tube with---

2 openings (mouth, anus)

digestive tube with 2 openings, "tube within a tube" is called -----

alimentary canal

stages of food processing form the----

mammalian digestive system

the mammalian digestive system consists of an-----

alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices thru ducts

mammalian accessory glands are the:

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, tith, tounge

food is pushed along by -----

PERISTALSIS

PERISTALSIS====

involuntary wave like rhythmic contractions of muscles of esophagus

chapter 41 Flashcards

(68 cards)