chapter 38 part1

Question 1

what do insects do?

Answer 1

help angiosperms to reproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species

Question 2

insects help angiosperms to reproduce sexually with physically distant members of their own species EX:

Answer 2

male long-horned bees mistake ophrys flowers for females and attempt to mate with them.
the flower is pollinated in the process.
unusually the flower does not produce nectar and the male receives no benefit

Question 3

what are angiosperms?

Answer 3

are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits

Question 4

what do many angiosperms do?

Answer 4

lure insects with nectar; both plant and pollinator benefit

Question 5

what is mutualistic symbiosis common in?

Answer 5

common between plants and other specis

Question 6

how does angiosperms reproduce?

Answer 6

asexually and sexually

Question 7

why are angiosperms the most important group of plants?

Answer 7

due to their dominance in terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture

Question 8

what are key features of the angiosperm life cycle?

Answer 8

flowers, double fertilization, fruits

Question 9

flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are key features of the angiosperm life cycle where:

Answer 9

flowers are the reproductive organs( a or s)
double fertilization- is a unique process that creates both the embryo and its food supply
fruits- develop from the ovary to protect and disperse seeds

Question 10

plant life cycles are characterized by?

Answer 10

the alternation between sporophyte( spore producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing) generations

Question 11

sporophytes

Answer 11

produces spores thru meiosis, spores grow into the gametophyte generation

Question 12

gameotophyte

Answer 12

then produces gametes (sperm and egg) through MITOSIS and the fusion of these gametes during fertilization creates a new sporophyte

Question 13

in angiosperms, what is the plant that we see?

Answer 13

the sporophyte is the plant that we see, they are larger, more conspicuous and longer lived than gametophytes

Question 14

flowers:

Answer 14

are the reproductive shoots, contain the male and female reproductive organs, of the angiosperm sporophyte

attached to the receptacle, a part of the stem

Question 15

why are flowers reproductive shoots?

Answer 15

because it contains the male and female reproductive organs

Question 16

what are the male components of flower?

Answer 16

stamen: anther and filament

Question 17

what is being held by the filament?

Answer 17

anther

Question 18

female components of flower:

Answer 18

stigma, style, ovary

Question 19

stigma:

Answer 19

pollen grains on stigma and being held by style

Question 20

what does style do?

Answer 20

connects stigma to ovaries

Question 21

pollen

Answer 21

is transferred from one flower to another, or within the same flower, initiating the fertilization process

Question 22

self polination

Answer 22

transfer of pollen grains from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant (from anther to stigma)

Question 23

cross pollination

Answer 23

the transfer of pollen grains from one plant to a different plant

Question 24

double fertilization-

Answer 24

this is a unique process in flowering plants where 2 sperm from a single pollen grain are involved

Question 25

what to both sperms do in double fertilization?

Answer 25

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a diploid zygote ( which becomes the embryo) second sperm fuses with central cell to form a triploid endosperm, a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo

Question 26

triploid endosperm

Answer 26

formed from second sperm a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo

Question 27

fruits

Answer 27

after fertilization the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit, which protects the seeds and aids in their dispersal thru mechanisms like wind, water, or animals

Question 28

flower consists of four floral organs:

Answer 28

carpel, stamen, sepal, petals

Question 29

which floral organs are reproductive organs?

Answer 29

stamen and carpel

Question 30

which floral organs are sterile( they do not reproduce)?

Answer 30

petals and sepal

Question 31

carpel

Answer 31

has a long style with a stigma on which pollen may land

Question 32

at the base of the style is an----

Answer 32

ovary, containing one or more ovules, which develops into a seed after fertilization

Question 33

what develops into a seed after fertilization?

Answer 33

ovules

Question 34

pistil

Answer 34

a single carpel or a group of fused carpel

Question 35

what does stamen consist of?

Answer 35

filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen

Question 36

complete flowers

Answer 36

contain all four floral organs

Question 37

incomplete flowers

Answer 37

lack one or more floral organs ie: stamens or carpels

Question 38

cluster of flowers are called

Answer 38

inflorescences

Question 39

4 general trends that can be seen in the evolution of flowers:

Answer 39

bilateral symmetry reduction in the number of floral parts fusion of floral parts location of ovaries inside receptacles

Question 40

bilateral symmetry:

Answer 40

when a flower. can be divided by a single plane into 2 equal parts

Question 41

what does bilateral symmetry allow?

Answer 41

allows for more precise pollen deposition on the pollinators body

Question 42

reduction in the number of floral parts

Answer 42

over time, many flowers have evolved to have fewer floral organs( like petals and stamens )

Question 43

what can affect the growth and appearance of flowers?

Answer 43

genetic variation, environmental conditions, such as temperature, light intensity, and soil quality