Biochemistry week 7

Question 1

What are minerals

Answer 1

Micronutrients

Question 2

Are minerals required in large or small amounts

Answer 2

small amounts

Question 3

What roles are minerals needed for

Answer 3

• Bone and teeth formation
  -Fludi baalnce
  -Nerve conduction
  -Muscle contraction

Question 4

What is calcium and phosphorus components of

Answer 4

hydroxylapatite

Question 5

What is the main mineral in bones and teeth

Answer 5

-hydroxylapatite

Question 6

What is calcium needed for

Answer 6

• Bone mineralization
  -Muscle contraction
  -Blood clotting

Question 7

Where can calcium eb sourced from

Answer 7

dairy, green veggies, fortified orange juice

Question 8

What is calcium regulated by + how

Answer 8

• PTH(Parathyroid hormone) : Increases serum ca2+ via bone resoprtion , renal absorption and activation of vitamin d
• Calcitriol - increases absorption and reabsorption of ca2+ and phosphorus
  -Calcitonin- respons to high ca2+ , promtoes bones storage and reneal excretion of ca2+ and phosphorus

Question 9

What is active vitamin D known as

Answer 9

• Calcitriol

Question 10

What is the most abundant intracellular anion

Answer 10

• Phosphorus

Question 11

Where is phosphorus found

Answer 11

85% found in hydroxylapatite + rest in :
-ATP
-Phospholipids
-Nucleic acids
-Creatine phosphate

Question 12

What is hypercalcemia

Answer 12

high calcium

Question 13

Wat is hypocalcemia

Answer 13

Low calcium

Question 14

What causes hypercalcemia + symptoms

Answer 14

• excess PTH( Parathyroid hormone)
• bone pain, constipation, kidney stones

Question 15

What causes hypocalcemia + symptoms

Answer 15

-Due PTH / Vitamin D deficicency
- Bone resorption, muscle cramps

Question 16

Where is magnesium stored

Answer 16

• 60% stored in bone

Question 17

What is magnesium required for

Answer 17

Required for many enzyme reactions , especially ,
- kinases
-DNA & RNA polymerase

Question 18

Deficency of magnesium results from

Answer 18

• Starvation
  -Malabsorption
  -Diarrhea, Vomiting
  -Alchohlism

Question 19

Wht are symptoms of Magnesium deficiency

Answer 19

• muscle and nerve hyperexcitability + cardiac arrhythmias

Question 20

What is the 2 main extracellular electrolytes

Answer 20

• Na and Cl

Question 21

What is the roles of Sodium and chlorine

Answer 21

• Water balance
  -Osmotic equilibirum
  -Acid base balance

Question 22

What does a high Na intake lead to

Answer 22

• Thirst
  -Increases ADH(Antiduretic hormone)
  -Leads to water retention
  -Can cause chronic hypertension

Question 23

What does reducing NA lead to

Answer 23

Modest BP reduction

Question 24

What does an imbalance of sodium lead to

Answer 24

• Hypernatremia + hyponatremia

Question 25

What is hypernatremia caused by

Answer 25

- Water loss

Question 26

What is hyponatremia caused by

Answer 26

- Impaired water excretion

Question 27

What is the main intracellular electrolyte

Answer 27

- Potassium

Question 28

What is potassium maintained bu

Answer 28

- Na/K ATPase pump

Question 29

What does potassium imbalance lead to

Answer 29

- Hyperkalemia -Hypokalemia

Question 30

What is another name for trace minerals

Answer 30

- micorminerals

Question 31

Name 4 key trace minerals

Answer 31

- Copper -Iron -Manganese -Zinc

Question 32

What can copper deficiency lead to

Answer 32

- Anemia due to its effects on iron metabloism

Question 33

Explain how coppeer is transported in humans

Answer 33

- Absorbed copper binds to albumin

Question 34

Explain how copper is transported in hepatocytes

Answer 34

- Binds to metallothioneins

Question 35

What is menkes syndrome

Answer 35

- Mutation in the ATP7A gene. It leads to impaired copper efflux from enterocytes

Question 36

What are symptoms of menkes syndrome

Answer 36

- Kinky hair, skin and hair chnages, connective tissue issues

Question 37

What is the inheritance pattern of menkes syndrome

Answer 37

X linked

Question 38

What is Wilsons disease

Answer 38

- Mutation in ATP7B , leading to impaired copper excretion from liver

Question 39

What are symptoms of wilsons disease

Answer 39

- Liver damage

Question 40

What is wilsons disease trated with

Answer 40

Cu-chelating agents

Question 41

Where is zinc found+ function

Answer 41

- Zinc finger proteins -Regulates gene expression

Question 42

What enzymes is zinc reuired for

Answer 42

- Alchohol dehydrogenase -Carbonic anhydrase

Question 43

What are the symptoms of zinc deficnecy in children

Answer 43

- Growth retardation, skin lesions and poor sexual development

Question 44

What are other symptoms of zinc deficicency

Answer 44

-Impaired taste -Vison problems

Question 45

What CAN excess zinc cause

Answer 45

- Cn block copper absorption and increase the risk of copper deficiency and anemia

Question 46

Name 2 other trace minerals thatt are not key trace minerals

Answer 46

- Chromium -Flourine

Question 47

What is the function of the trace mineral chormium

Answer 47

- Enhances insulin action

Question 48

What is fluorine added to and why

Answer 48

- Added to water to prevent dental caries

Question 49

Where is iron found

Answer 49

- Fe-S proteins

Question 50

What is iron a component fo

Answer 50

- Catalytic and structural proteins

Question 51

Which better absorbs heme iron and nonheme iron

Answer 51

heme iron

Question 52

Explain how iron is distrubuted

Answer 52

-75% is in hemoglobin and myoglobin -25% stored in liver, bone marrow aND reticuloendothelial system

Question 53

How is heme iorn absorbed

Answer 53

Via heme carier protein

Question 54

How is nonheme iron absorbed

Answer 54

- via DMT-1

Question 55

After heme and nonheme iron is absorbed what happens to it

Answer 55

- stored as iron (fe3+) bound ferritin -Exported by ferroprotin,

Question 56

What is heme and non heme oxidised y and transported by

Answer 56

- Oxidized by hephaestin -transported by transferrin

Question 57

What does low / reduction in hepcidin increase

Answer 57

- Ferroportin activity and iron absorption

Question 58

What does high/ increase in hepcidin decrease

Answer 58

- decreases ferroportin, and decreases absorption

Question 59

What does deficiency in iron lead to

Answer 59

- microcytic and hypochromic anemia

Question 60

What is iodine essential for

Answer 60

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 61

What is graves disease

Answer 61

- An autoimmune disorder with overactive thyroid

Question 62

What are symptoms of graves disease

Answer 62

- bulging eyes - thick, reddish skin on lower legs