COM 2 Physiology week 5 Flashcards by Shaylei M

What is the cerebral cortex

Thin layer of neruons covering the surface of the cerebrum

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Name th 3 neuron types in the cerebral cortex

Granular (stellate) neurons
-Pyramidal neurons
-Fusiform neurons

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Explain the granular(stellate neurons) -characteristics
-functions
-Where its highly concentrated

Short axons
-Excitatory or inhibitory
-Highly concentrated in sensory areas and association areas
Function is intracortical processing

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Explain pyramidal neurons :
-Characteristics
-What they give rise to
-What they form

Large numerous, pyramid shaoed
-Give rise to the long output fibers
-They form major subcortical association fibers

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Explain the fusiform neurons:
-Characteristics
-What they contribute to

Less commons
-Contribute to output signals from the cortex

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Explain how fibers are organized in the cortec

-Horizontal fibers
-Vertical fibers

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What do horizontal fibers connect

Adjacent cortical areas

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What do vertical fibers connect + what does it include

Cortex with the lower brain regions or spinal cord

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How many layers are in the cerebral cortex

-6

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Explain the layers of the cerebral cortex:
-What layer 1 contains mostly
-What happens in layer 2 and 3 + what is present

Layer 1 : Mainly horizontal fibers
layer2+3: intracortical association
+ short horizontal connectiosn between nearby cortical regioans

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Which layer of the cerebral cortex is the main input layer and for what

-Layer 4
-MAIN INput layer for specific sensory signals

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Name which layer of the cerebral cortex is an ouput layer + for what

Layer 5 , An outpur layer for large fibers to brainstem and spinal cord

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What does layer 6 of the cerebral cortex send

-Output fibers to the thalamus

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What does each area of the cerebral cortex connect with

a specific part of the thalamus and visa versa

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Explain functional independency

If thalamic connections are severed, the function of the correspodning cortical area is completely lost

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What is the cortex and thalamus considered as bcs of their close relationship

integrated functional unit

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What is the cerebral cortex and thalamus called together

THALOMCORTICAL SYSTEM

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almist all sensory info passes through were

thalamus

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How does doctors know what area does what

They stimulaed the brain while the patient was awake during surgery and asked what they felt or did + watched what abilties were lost in ppl who had brain damage

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Name the 3 motor areas

Pirmary motor cortex
Premotor + supplementary motor areas

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wHERE is the Primary Motor cortex located
+ what does it control

Pre central gyrus
-It controls voluntary doscrete muscle movements

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What does the premotor and supplementary motor are work with + what does it coordinate

Work w Primary Motor cortex
-Coordinates complex movement patterns

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Name the 2 sensory arease

Primary sensory area
Secondary sensory areaW

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What does the Primary sensory area detect+ examples

Specific types of sensory input :
-Somatic sensatiin
-Visual input
-Auditory input

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What dies the Primary sensory area receive direct input from

peripheral sensosry organs via thalamus

Where are secondary sensory area located

- Close to primary areas

What are secondary sensory areas responsible for + examples

interpreting sesnory input: - recognising shapem texture of objects# -processing colour , -understanding meaning of sounds

What are secondary areas essential for

- recognition, interpretation and integration of sensory and motor experieces

Name the 3 major association areas of the cerebral cortex

- PARIETO-occipitaltemporal association area -Prefrontal association areas -Limbic association area

What are association areas

-Parts of the cerebral cortex that are not classifed as primary or secondary motor/sensory areas

What is the overall functions of the association areas in the cerebral cortex

Complex processing

What components are within the parito-occipitotemporal association area

- Wernickes area -Visual association area Angular gyrus

Where is the parieto-occipitaltemporal association area : -Located +

Junction of the pariteal, occipital and temporal lobes

What is the function of the parieto-occipitotemporal association area x3

-Language comprehenion -processing vital information -spatial coordination of the body

Where is wernickes area located

Superior temporal gyris

What is teh function of wernickes area

- Understandingof spoken and written language

What does damage to wernickes area cause

Wernickes aphasia, where person can speak fluently but words are nonsensical- they dont understanf the languag

Where is the visual association area '( wn the parito-occipital temporal assosican area) located

-Anterolateral region of occipital lobe

What is the function of the visual association area- what does it send and where

Sends visual information to wernickes are for rreading comprehension

wHERE IS the Angular gyrus located + what does it convert

inferiro parietal lobe -It converts visual input (letters/words) into language meaning

What does damage to the angular gyrus lead to

Agraphia- inabiility to write Alexia- inability to read

Where is the prefrontal association area located

- Frontal lobe

What is the function fo the prefotnal association area

-Problem solving -personality -decision making working memory

What is the prefrontal association area closely connted to

motot areas and the limbic system

Where is the limbic association area located

Anteriro temporal lobe and ventral frontal lobe

What does the limbic association control

-emotions -motivation -memory social behavuir

Whcih association area plays a role in formign memories and attching emotions to experinces

Limbic association area

what 2 areas in general are key for langauge+ where are they locted in most ppl

Wernickes and Brocos in left hemisphere

Where is the areas for naming objects located

- Anterior occipital lobe and posterior temporal lobe

Explain the function of the area for naming objects: -what does it assingn -It works by doing what

- Assigns names to objects -Works by combining: auditory input - learning names of objects visual input-learns what objects look like

What is the area of naming objects connected to

Wernickes area

What is brocas area

Word formination

Where is brocas area located mainly

Posterior lateral prefrontal cortex

What is brocas area responsible for + what does it control motor patterns for

- Responsible for planning and initiating speech -Controls motor patterns for : -speaking words -Forming phrases or short sentences

What does brocas area work with

Wernickes area

If you learn one language first and the other later explain how they are stored

- The second lanagge is stored nearby but in a seperate area

If u learn both langauges at the same time how are they stored

Stored together in the same brain

Where is the are for recognition of faces located

- Medial underside of both: -occipital lobes -temporal lobes

What is the function of the area for recognition of faces

- Recognizing faces

What is prosopagnosia+ what is it caused by

-Inabiltiy to recognize familiar faces -Caused by bilateral damage to the facial recognition area

Where does wernickes area integrate information from

- SOmatic association area -Visual association area -Auditory association area

What does wernickes area work with

-Prefrontal cortex -Brocas area

Name the 2 main aspects of communication+ alternitive names and what they involnve

-sensory(language input): -Involves ear and eyes -Motor - langauge output: Involves vocalization and motor control of speech

Explain what the 2 main aspects of communication is responsible for

Snesory- language input: -Responsible for hearing and reading words Motor- langauage output: -responsible for speaking and wiritng words

Name the 2 areas involved in the sensory aspects of comunication

- Auditory association area -Visual association area

What is : -Auditory association area -Visual association area for understandign what

Auditory AA- For understanding spoken words Visual AA for understansing written words

What is auditory receptive aphasia + effect

Damage to auditory association area - cannot understand spoken words

What is visual receptive aphasia + effect

-Damage to visual association area - cannot understand wirtten words

What is global aphasia

When wernickes area damage is extensive and spreads to : -Angular gyrus -Lower temporal lobe -Superior area near sylvian fissure

What is the effect of global aphasia

- Severe loss of all language comprehension

Explain the pathway for hearing a word then saying it

Auditory input → Wernicke’s area → Broca’s area → Motor cortex → Speech muscles

Explain the pathway for reading a word then sayign it

Visual input → Angular gyrus → Wernicke’s area → Broca’s area → Motor cortex → Speech muscles

Name the 2 principle stages of speech: -Where does the first one happen -What does the second one involve

Thought formation and word choice - Happens in Sensory association area Motor control of vocilization - Involves coordination + execution of speech muscles

What does damage to brocas area cause+ effect

- Brocas aphasia ( Motor aphasia) -person knowns what they want to say but cannot vocalsie the words properly

What does articulation refer to + -what does it control

Muscular movement involved in speech -Controls timing, intensity of sounds

What is articulation controlled by

Facial and laryngeal motor cortex -cerebellum, basal ganglia

What transmits signals from thr wrnickes area to the brocas area

Arcuate fasciculus

What is the function of the corpus callosum

Connetcts the left and right cerebral hemispheres

What does the corpus callosum share

Thoughts, memries, language information

What does the anterior commissure connect + what does it help with

Anteriro temporal lobes With unifying emotional responses

What can each hemisphere have seperate of ?

They can have seperate: -consciousness -Memory -Motor control -Language abilitiea

Name the 3 effects of severing the corpus callosum

- Loss of motor command integration -Sensory isloation -Split consciousness

Explain loss of motor comman integration as the 1 effect of corpus callosum severing: -What is affected effect -What does it lead to

-werncikes are cant send signlas to right motor cortex -Lead to loss of voluntary control over left arm/hand

Explain what happens in sensory isloation as an effect of corpus callosum severing

-Information from right hemisphere cannot reach wernickes area in the left hemisphere

Explain what happens in split consciusness as a result of corpus callosum severing

The hemisphers act indepndently

Name the pahway steps of learning and memory

Encoding-consolidation(memory)- storage- retrieval

What happens in the Encoding step of the memory model -What does it include + why

- Includes consolidation :- -strengthens and stabilise the newly learned information

What happens in the storage step of the learning and memory pathway -what is stored and how

The consolidated information is stored as persistent neural changes in the brain

What is retrieval in the steps of learning and memory pathway + what does it allow the person to use

The process of accessing stored memory Allows the person to use past learning to guide their behaviour or actions

What can memory be classified into + alternative names

- Declarative memory -explicit -Skill memory (Nondeclerative -implicit)

What is declarative memory - explicit + what does it involve

Memory of facts, events and experiences Involves conscious recall

What is Skill memory (nON DECLerative) + hat does it develop through +e.g

Automatic memory tied to motor skills and habits -Often develops through practice e.g playing sports

What does STM include

Includes memes that least seconds or mintutes

What does intermediate Long term memory include

- Memeories that last for days to weeks, but then fades

What does LTM include

Memory that once stored can be recalled years or a lifetime later

What is classical conditioning

When a neutral stimuli is constantly paired with a stimulus that provokes a nataural response and eventually the NS produces a CR

If the facilitator terminal is activated at the same tome as the sensory terminal what is enhanced + what is strengthened

Synaptic transmission + strengthens memory pathway

What is the hippocampus involved in

Memory

What shaped one’s hippocampus resemble

Seahorse

What does the fornix connect subcortical areas to

Hippocampus

What does the fornix link hippocampal formation to + what is this important for

Mammillary bodies important for memory circuits

Name teh 2 types of amnesia

Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia

What is retrograde amnesia + what’s can it result from

Inability to recall past events = can result from thalamic damage

What is anterograde amnesia + cause

- Inabiity to form new memories Due to damage in temporal lobes including the hippocampus

What is teh function of the hippocampus -what des it convert

Coverts stm into LTM

COM 2 Physiology week 5 Flashcards

(105 cards)