COM2 Physiology week 7 Flashcards by Shaylei M

What is sleep+ what is it driven by + typical actions

A motivated behavior
-Driven by sleepiness - a strong internal urge
-Typical actions are : lying down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does an EEG(Electroencephalogram) record

Records brain activity via scalp electordes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does an EMG record( Electromyogram)

Records muscle activity in the face

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does EOG( Electro-oculogram)

Records eye movements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EEGs explain :
-Synchronous + desynchronous activity
-how the neurons fire and what they appear as + examples

Synchronous Activity:

Neurons fire together → large, regular waves.

Example: Delta waves (deep sleep).

Desynchronous Activity:

Neurons fire randomly → small, irregular waves.

Example: Beta waves (alert, active brain).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the stages of sleep:
-1. what it is dominated by

Wakefulness
NREM1(non rem)
NREM2
NREM3
REM sleep (stage R)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the stages of the sleep cycles +their characteristics
1.Wakefulness- what it is dominated by
2.NREM 1 - What is present
3.NREM 2- What is present
4.NREM 3 - What is present
5.REM sleep ( STAGE R)- What does the EEG show + what occurs here

1.W- dominated by alphad and beta waves
2.NREM1: light sleep - Theta waves
3.NREM2: still light sleep + memory consolidation - Theta waves Present still present, sleep spindles+ K complexes
4.NREM3 : Deep sleep - Delta waves
5.REM sleep -vivid dreamin happens
: - EEG shows desynchronized beta activity
+ rapid eye movements occu

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain NREM3- Slow-wave sleep:
-characteristic
-only what can wake up the perosn
-upon waking what is the person like
-What waves is this stage dominated by

Deepest stage of sleep
-Only loud noise can wake the person
-Upon waking: Person is groggy and confused
-EEG: dominated by delta waves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the REM sleep stage (stage R)
- What they may not react to
-What they will rect to
-Upon waking what is the perosn linke
-What does the EEG show`

Most sounds but respond to meaningful stimuli, like their name
upon waking, person is alert and attentive
-EEG: desynchronized beta like activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the braincenters that induce sleep

Raphe Nuclei
-Nucleus of tractus solitarius
-Diencephalon:-thalamus+ hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain Raphe nuclei as a brain center that induces sleep:
-location
Where neurons priject to
-Neurotransmitter used+ wha happens when its blocked
-

In pons and medulla
-Neurons project to:
Reticular formation
Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, neocortex,
Spinal cord
Neurotransmitter: Serotonin

Blocking serotonin → prevents sleep for days.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the nucleus tractus solitarius as a brain center that induces sleep
-location
-what it recieves + from what
-

-In medulla and pons
-Recieves visceral sensory input form vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the diencephalon(thalamus + hypothalamus) as a brain center that induces sleep:
-Stimulating what specifically induces sleep

Rostral hypothalamus
Diffuse thalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 3 sleep promoting substances

Muramyl peptide
-Delta sleep inducing peptide ( DSIP)
-Other peptides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain muramyl peptide as a sleep promtoing substance:
-Where is it found
-Micro injectiosn into where induce sleep

-Found in CSF, Blood and urine after sleep deprivation
-Microinjections into 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) as a sleep promoting substance:
-Characteristic
-Where its found

A nonapeptide
-Found in CSF after elctrical stimulation of the thalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain other peptides as sleep promoting substances
-What is it isolated from

-Isolated from brainstem tissues and CSF

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is another name for Orexin

Hypocretin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain Orexin:
-Where cell bodies are located
-Explain its firing patter during :
Alert waking
Quiet wakefulness

Cell bodies in lateral hypothalamus
-During alert waking: High firing
-During quiet wakefulness- low firing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of Orexin-what does it promote

Promtoes arousal and wakefulness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Narcolepsy

Nuerological disorder where sleep occurs at inappropriate times

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes of narcolepsy- 3

Loss of Orexin (hypocretin) function
-Destruction of orexin neurons or defective receptors
-Low or absent orexin in CSF

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are sympotoms of Narcolepsy+ brief description

Sleep attacks- sudden sleep urge
-Cataplexy- sudden muscle weakness or paralysis
-Sleep paralysis- inabiity to move when falling asleep or waking up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does cataplexy(sudden msucle weakness and paralysis)
-often start
what is it caused by

Starts in face and neck
-Caused by REM sleep muscle paralysis happening at the wrong time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 3 treatments of Narcolepsy+ their purpose/ what they do + examples

-stimulants- reduce sleep attacks- methylphenidate -Antidepressants - Treat REM releated sympotms(cataplexy) - increased serotonin/norepinephrine -Modafinil- wake-promoting drug

Name a problem assoiated with Deep sleep/ slow-wave sleep (NREM3)

Sleep walking

Explain sleepwalking: -when does it occur -More common in who -What may ppl do while sleep walking

-Occurs during slow -wave sleep( deep sleep/ NREM3 ) - More common in children but if present in adults may have agentic component -People may perform complex behaviours

Do ppl have memory of their episode after sleepwalking

- No

What is a sleep releating eating disorder:

- Where a person leaves their bed and eats which sleepwalking

In humans what does prolonged wakefulness( not sleeping) lead to

- Sluggish thinking -Irritability -Abnromal behaviour

Why is sleep important what does it restore + maintain

rESTORES BRAIN FUNCTION + MAINTAINS CNS BALANCE

Name 6 functions sleep is important for

-Neural maturation -Learnign and memory -Targeted synaptic erasure -Cognition -Waste clerance -Energy conservance

What is a seizure

A temporary distruption of brain function due to uncrontrolled excessive neuronal activity

What are the causes of seizures

- Hypoglycemia -Drug intoxication -Kidney failure

What is epilepsy

A chronic condition involving recurrent seizures not caused by an acute ilness

What are the causes of epilepsy

- Head trauma neurdegenerative diseases -stroke

What is the pathophysiology of Epilepsy / why it happnes

Due to imbalance between neuronal excitiation and inhibiton

What is epilepsy treated with + what do they aim to

Antiepileptic drugs - they aim to reduce excitation or inhibition

How are epileptic seizures classified

- Focal seizures( partial seizures) or generalized seizures

Explain focal seizures: -Where does it originate -2 comon causes -NAME THE TYPES of focal seizures

- Originate in one localized brain region -Commin causes tumors, scar tissue Types of focal seizures: -Simple partial -complex partial

Give characteristics of focal seizures: - How they remain focal/spreaD -Where do the go to

Remain focal or spread -go to thalamus , then to secondrary generalization

Name the 2 types of focal seizures

-Simple partial -Complex partial

Exlain the 2 tyes of focal seizures :simple partial ,complex partial: -consciusoness -what it may include/ start with -What is it followed by + memory

simple partial: - No loss of consciousness -May include arua(fear) -Followed by motor symptoms( jerking) complex partial - Impaired consciusness, Oftern starts with an aura, followed by automatisms

Name the types of generalised seizures( component of epilepsy seizures)

- Generalised tonic-clonic seizures -Absence seizures

The first type of generalised seizures(epilepsy): Generalized tonic-clonic -consciousness -What happens+ across what -What may it involve

-Abrupt loss of conciosness -Extereme neuronal discharge across cortx, cerebrum and brainstem -May involve: -tounge biting -breathing difficulties -Whole body muscle spasms

What does the generalsied siezure type of epilepsy: -Involve -What does it spread through

-involbes both cerebral hemispheres -Spreads through thalamocortical connections

Explain Absence seizure as a type of generalised seiure in epliepsy: -Typically in who -what does it involve -Symptoms

Typically in children -Involves thalamocortical circuits -Blank staring, eyelid blinkin

When does absence seizures often dissaperar+ what can they trgger

By age 30 + can trigger generalised tonic-clonic seizures

Name the 2 phases of seizures+ when they occur + charactertisitc

-Ictal- During seizure activity- intense electircal discharges -Postictal- recoery period

Explaun where focal seizures spread to in proprogation:

Spread : within hemisphere -opposite hemisphere -To subcortical areas and thalamus

What is the name of the main drug to treat epilepsy

- Antiepileptic drugs

Name the 5 different mechanism in which different antiepileptic drugs work

- Block voltage gated sodium channels -Alter calcium currents -Increase GABA activity -Inhibit Glutamate receptors -Multiple mechanisms

What does the drug choice for epilepsy depend on

- Seizure type -Patients age -Other individual factors

What can be done to stop focal seizures

Surgical excision

What is depression releated to (neurotransmitters)

Decreases norepinephrine and serotonin

Name a drug that causes depression

Resrpine

Name 2 antidepressent drugs for depression + briefly how they work

- MAO inhibitors: Block breakdown of NE and serotonin -Tricyclic Antidepressants: Block reuptake of NE and serotonin so they stay longer in synapse

What does bipolar disorder alternate between+ what do some have

- Depression and mania some have mania only

Name a treatment for Bipolar disorder + how it works

- Lithium compounds: Decrease formation/action of NE and serotonin -controls manic phase

Name symptoms of schizophrenia

-Hallucinations -Delusions -social withdraw

Explain 3 possible causes of schizophrenia

- Glutamate dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex -Excess dopamine activity in behavioural brain centers -Limbic system abnormalities particullaly: -Hippocampus -Amygdala -Prefrontal cortex -Anterior caudate nucleus

Name the neural pathway involved in schiz

-Mesolimbic dopaminergic system

Explain the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in schiz: -origin -Where it projects to -What it secretes

- Origin: Ventral tegmental area(VTA) of the midbrain -Projects to : limbic system + prefrontal cortex -secretes dopamine, affecting behaviour

Name 3 early signs of Alzheimers

- Amnesic memory loss -Language deterioration -Visuospatial deficits

Name 3 later features of alzheimers disease

- Behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms -Progressive loss of ability to perform daily activites -gait problems

Name + explain the 3 causes of Alzheimers

- Neuronal loss in memory lated limbic structures -Beta amyloid plaques ,- peptide accummulates in the brain tissue -Neurodegeneration

Name the 2 vascular contributions to alzheimers 1. caused by what

- Cardiovascular diseases - caused by hypertension, diabetes -Vascular dementia

COM2 Physiology week 7 Flashcards

(67 cards)