Medicine Sem 2 > COM 1 Anatomy week 3 > Flashcards

COM 1 Anatomy week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the largest part of the brain

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the cereberal hemispheres seperated by

A
  • Longitudinal cerebral fissures
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3
Q

Name the 3 structures within the longitudinal fissure

A

Falx cerebri
Anterior cerebral arteries
Corpus callosum

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4
Q

What is the falx cerebri

A

A sickle shaped fold of dura mater located within the longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

What is the Corpus callosum

A
  • A major commisure connecting the 2 hemispheres
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6
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

A horizonta fold of dura mater that seperates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres folded into+ seperated by and why

A
  • folded into gyri
    and seperated by sulci or fissures to INCREASES CORTICAL SURFACE AREAS
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8
Q

Name the 4 major sulci that defines the lobes

A
  • Central sulcus
    -Parieto-occipital sulcus
    -Lateral sulcus
    -Calcarine sulcus
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9
Q

Name the 4 main lobes

A
  • Frontal
    -Parietal
    -Temporal
    Occipital
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10
Q

What lies anterior + posterior to the central sulcus and what does it contain

A

Anterior - Precentral gyrus- contains motor cortex
Posterior - Postcentral gyrus- contains sensory cortex

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11
Q

Where does the central sulcus indent

A

The superior medial borde

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12
Q

Name the only sulcus that indents the superomedial boreder and lies between 2 parallel gyri

A

-Central sulcus

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13
Q

Explain the structure + location of the lateral sulcus

A
  • Deep cleft on the interior and lateral surfaces
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14
Q

What does the lateral sulcus begin as and then what does it divide into

A
  • Begins as a short stem which divides into
  • Anterior horizontal ramus
    -Anterior ascending ramus
    -Posterior ramus
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15
Q

Where is the Posterio-occipital sulcus located + what does it join with

A
  • On the superior medial margin
    -Joins with the calcarine sulcus
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16
Q

Where is the calcarine sucus found + where does it begin under

A

On the medial surface of the hemisphere
-Begins under the posterior end of the corpus callosum

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17
Q

What is the calcrine sulcus joined by

A

Joined by the parieto-occipital sulcus at

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18
Q

Name the surface divisioms of the hemisphere :

A

-Superolateral
-Medial surface
-inferior

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19
Q

What is located on the superolateral surfaces

A

The lobes

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20
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located what is it anterior and superior to

A

Anterior to the central sulcus
-Superio to lateral sulcus

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21
Q

What is frontal lobe divide by and into what
+ Name by what and the what they create

A
  • Divided by 3sulci into 4 gyri
  • Precentral sulcus creates precentral gyrus
    -Superior and inferior frontal sulci creates:
  • Superior frontal gyrus
    -Middle frontal gyrus
    -Inferior frontal gyrus
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22
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located;
-posterior to what
-Supreriro to what
and where does it end

A

Posterior to central sulcus
Superior to lateral sulcus
Ends at the parieto-occipital sulcus

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23
Q

What is the Parietal lobe divided by and into what
+ name by what and into what

A

Divided by 2 sulci and 3 gyro
Postcentral sulcus- creates postcentral gyrus
Intraparietal sulcus divdes into - Superior pariteal lobe + inferior pariteal lobe- which contain gyri

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24
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located - inferior to what

A
  • Lateral sulcus
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25
What is the temporal lobe divided by and into what + examples of both
- Divided by 2 sulci into 3 gyri - Supeiro and middle temporal sulci create: -Superior temporal gyrus -Middle temporal gyrus -Inferior temporal gyrus
26
Where is the occipita lobe located - posterior to what
-Posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus
27
What is the smalles lobe on the superolateral surface
-Occipital lobe
28
Name all the 5 structures on the medial surface of the hemisphere
- Corpus callosum -Cingulate Gyrus -Paracentral lobule -Precuneus -Cuneus
29
What is the largest comiisure of the brain
Corpus callosum
30
What does the Cingulate gyris curve around + Name the 2 structures it is seperated from and by what
Position: Curves around the corpus callosum. Separated: From corpus callosum by callosal sulcus From superior frontal gyrus by cingulate sulcus
31
What does the Paracentral Lobule surround+ Explain what the Anterior and posterior part is a conitnuation of
The medial continuation of the central sulcus Anterior- Continuation of pecentral gyrus Posterior- Continuation of postcentral gyrus
32
Explain what the boundaires are on the Anterior and posterior end of the Precuneus
Anterior- Posterior end of the cingulate sulcus Posterior- Parieto-occipital sulcus
33
What is the Cuneus+ explain what its boundaries are : -Above -Below -Posterior
Triangular area of the cortex -Above- parieto-occipital sulcs -Below- Calcarine sulcus -Posterior- superior medial margin
34
Name the 5 structures in the inferior surface of the hemisphere
- Collateral sulcus -Lingual gyrus -Parahippocampal -Medial occipiotemporal gyrus -Olfactory area
35
What does the collateral sulcus run anteriorly below
Calcarine sulcus
36
Where is the lingual gyrus located between
- Calcarine and collateral sulci
37
What does the Parahippocampal gyrus lie anterior to + where does it end
lingual gyrus Ends in the uncus
38
Where does the Medial occipitotemporal gyrus extenf from + what is it continuous with
Occipital to temporal lobe - Continuous with the inferior temporal gyrus
39
Whats located in the olfacory area
- Olfactory sulucs - holds olfactory bulb and tract -Gyrus rectus -Orbital gyri
40
Explain the grey and white matter structure in the Cerebral hemisphere + what this the white matter composed of + alternative name for gray matter
-Gray matter is the outer layer-called the cerebral cortex -White matter is the inner part - composed of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
41
Name the internal structures located in the white and gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere
- Lateral ventricles -Basal nuclei -Nerve fibers
42
Explain the lateral ventricles : -Quantity Structure -What it connects with via what
- 2 lateral ventricles , one is present in each cerebral hemisphere Structure : -C shaped cavity lined by ependymal cells and filled with CSF - Conects with 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramen
43
Explain Where the - Body lies in And where the horns extend into in the lateral ventricles -Anterior horn -Posterior horn Inferior horn
Parts: Body: Lies in the parietal lobe Anterior horn: Extends into the frontal lobe Posterior horn: Extends into the occipital lobe Inferior horn: Extends into the temporal lobe
44
Explain the foramen boundaries of the lateral ventricles : Anterir side POSTERIOR side
ANTERIOR - in anTERIOR column of the fornix Posteror Posterior - In the Anterior end of the thalamus
45
What is the Basal nuclei(basal ganglia)
A collection of gray matter within each cerebral hemisphere
46
Name the main components of Basal nuclei ( Basal ganglia0
-Corpus striatum -Amygdaloid nucleus -Claustrum
47
Explain the Corpus Striatum( Basal nuclei components ) - Location - lateral to what -divided by what Name the 2 main components of teh corpus stratum
- Location: Lateral to the thalamus - Divided by teh internal capsule Main components: Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
48
What is teh function of the Corpus striatum (component of basal nuclei ) -What is it involved in -What does it control
Involved in muscular movement Controls cerebral cortex activity
49
Explain teh structure of teh caudate nucleus ( component of corpus striatum ) +What it is separated from and by what
Shape: Large C shaped gray matter mass - Seperated from the lntiform nucleus by the internal capsule
50
Explain teh structure of the lentiform nucleus ( a component of the corpus striatum ) + what does it connect with + What is the position of its broad base and thin blade
Wedge shaped gray matter mass Broad base - Lateral Thin blade - Medial Side - Connects with the caudate nucleus
51
Explain the Amygdaloid nucleus (component of basal nuclei) -Loation -What system is it a part of + Function
- Located in the temporal log , near the uncut -Part of the limbic system = Function - Emotional processing and behaviour
52
What is the structure of the Claustrum ( a component of the basal nuclei )
Thin sheet of gray matter mass Broad
53
What is the white matter of the cerebral hemispherses composed of
- Myelinated nerve fibers supporte by neurogila
54
What is the myelinated nevre fibers in the white matter of the cerebral cortex classifed as + give their brief function
- Commissural fibers- Connect the 2 hemispheres -Association fibers- connect areas within the same hemisphere -Projection fibers - connect cerebral cortex with lower brain/spinal cord
55
Name the 5 main Commisures
1. Corpus callosum 2.Anterior commisure 3.Posterior commisure 4. Fornix 5.Habenular commisures
56
Where is the corpus callosum located
Floor of the longitudinal fissure
57
Name the 4 parts of the Corpus callosum
- Rostrum -Genu -Body -Splenium
58
Explain the structure + crossing of the Anterior commissure+ name the Divisions and explain their curve and where they go
- Small bundle crossing the lamina terminalis Divisions: -Anterior fibers- Curve forward- go to the olfactory tract -Posteriro fibers- Curve back-go to the temporal lobes
59
Explain the Posterior commisure: -Where it crosses the midline -Where it contais fibers from
- Crosses the midline above the cerebral aqueduct , near the pineal stalk - Contains fibers from the pretectal nuclei
60
What is the function of the Fornix
Connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
61
Explain the structure + crossing of the Habenular commisure + what it connetcs
Tiny bundle crossing the pineal stalk - Connects the habenular nuclei
62
Name the different types of association fibers
- Short association fibers -Long association fibers
63
Explain where short association fibers are : -Located -What they connect -What the run transversely across
- Located: Beneath the cortex -Connect ajacent gyri -RUn transversely across sulci
64
How are long association fibers organized + names(5)+ lobe connections
In bundles such as : -Uncinate fasciculus- Frontal + temporal lobe -Cingulum-Frontal + parietal lobes -Superior longitudinal fasciculus- Frontal lobe+ occipital + temporal lobe -Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - occipital + temporal lobe -Fronto-occipital fasciciulus- Frontal+ occipital+temporal lobe
65
In projection fibers explain the direction in affernt fibers and effernt fibers in relation to the cortex
- Afferent fibers go to the cortex -Efferent come from the cortex
66
Name the parts of the internal capsule
- Anterior limb -Genu -Posterior limb
67
What is Optic radiation
Fibers from the posterior limb of internal capsule to the calcarine sulcus
68
What is the corona radiata
Fan shaped spread of fibers
69
Explain the Septum pellucidum: -Structure -Location
- Thin vertical sheet of white and gray matter -Location: Between the fornix and corpus callosum
70
Explain the Tela Choroidea: -Structure -Location -What it forms
- Structure: Double layer of the pia mater Location: Between the fornix and roof of the third ventricle+ Thalami -Forms the choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricle
71
Explain the blood supply of the Tela Choroidea : -Choroidal branches of which arteries
Internal cartoid and basilar arteries
72
Explain the venous drainage pathway of the tela choroidea starting with -Internal cerebral veins
Into internal cerebral veins → great cerebral vein → joins inferior sagittal sinus → forms straight sinus
73
Name the different type of nerve cells in the Cerebral cortex
- Pyramidal cells -Stellate -Fusiform cellls -Horizontal cells of Cajal -Cells of Martinotti
74
Explain pyramidal cells : -SHape -Dednrite s- names and how they extend -Where the axons terminates and enter the white matter as
Pyramidal Cells Shape: Pyramid-shaped Dendrites: Apical dendrite extends toward the pial surface Basal dendrites extend laterally. Axon: Terminate in deeper cortical layers. Enter white matter as a projection, association, or commissural fiber
75
Explain stellate cells : -Shape -
Small and polygonal
76
Explain Fusiform cells : -Loction -Dendrites : names and where they branch
- loCATION: In deep cortical layers Dendrites: -Inferior dendrites - branch in the same layer -Superifical dendrites - ascend in upper layers
77
Explain horizontal cells of cajal -Shape -location
Shape: small , Fusiform Location - superficial layers of teh cortex
78
Exlain the Cells of Martinotti: -shape -Dendirts structure
- Small and multipolar - SHort
79
Nerve fibers in the cerebral cortex are arranged in which 2 main orientations
- Radial fibers -Tangenital
80
Explain Radial fibers: -Which direction they run -+ what do they contain (6)
They run perpendicular to the cortical surface - They include: afferent commisural,association and projection fibers AND efferent axons of pyrimdal , stellate and fusiform cells
81
Explain tangenital fibers: -The direction they run -Components (5) -Where are they most dense
-Run parallel to the cortical surface comp: -Colateral and terminal branches of afferernt fibers -Axons of : horizonatl cells , stellate cells Collateral branches of : pyramidal and fusiform cells - Most dense in layers 4 and 5 of the cortex
82
What is layer 4 and 5 of the cerebral cortex reffered as
- 4- outer band of baillarger 5- inner band of baillarger
83
Why are bands of baillarger well developed
Due to higher number of thalamocortical terminals
84
How many layers in the cerebral cortex divided into and based on what
6, based on cell type, density and arrangement
85
Name the 6 layers of the cerebral cotex
- Molecular layer -External Granular layer -External Pyramidal layer -Internal Granular Layer -Ganglionic layer(Internal pyramidal layer) -Multiform layer
86
What is the most superficial layer of the cerebral cortex
Molecular layer
87
What does the Molecular layer of the cerebral cortex contain - 4
Tangenitally oriented nerve fibers such as -apical dendrites of pyramidal and fusiform cells -Axons of stellate cells and martinotti - Afferent fibers from thalamas -Horizonatal cells of Cajal
88
What is the function of the molecular layer
Major site fo synapse
89
What does the External granular layer contain + explain the connectionsand where they extend into and descend into
Contains small pyramidal cells and stellate cells -Dendrites extend into the molecular layer -Axons descend into deeper layers or enter the white matter
90
What does external pyramidal cells contain -Where do apical dendrites prohect into - What do the axons from
-Contains pyramidal cells Connections: - Apical dendrites project into the molecular layer# - Projection, association or commisural fibers in the white matter
91
What does the internal granule layer contain + where is it prominent
- Contains -densely packed stellate cells - Horizotnally arranged fibers which form the external band of baillarger -Prominnt in sensory areas due to thalamocortical input
92
What does the ganglionic layer contain
Large and medium pyramidal cells -Stellate + cells of martinotti
93
What does the mutliform layer contain
Mainly fusiform cells -also modifed pyramidal cells
94
Name the types of cortical structure
-Homotyical cortex -Hetero typical cortex
95
Explain characteristics of homotypical cortex and heterotypical cortex
- Homotypical cortex - Has the standard 6 layers Heterotypical cortex - Deviates from the standard 6 layers -Has 2 maim subtypes -Granular and Agranular
96
What does the granular type of cortex contain
Densely packed stellate cells
97
In the granular type of cortex, explain which layers of the cortex are well developed and poorly developed
- Layers 2 and 4 ( External granular and Internal granular Are well developed -Layers 3 and 5( pyramidal layers) are poorly developed
98
What is the function of the Granular type fo cortex- what does it receive
Thalamocortical fibers
99
Where is the Granular type of cortex located
-Postcentral gurus - Superior temporal gurus -Parts of the hippocampal gurus
100
In the Agranular type of cortex what layers are poorly developed
Layers 2and 4 ( granular layers )
101
In the Agranular layer what does layers 3 and 5 contain
Densely packed pyramidal Cells
102
What is the function of the Agranular type of cortex - what does it send
Sends efferent motor fibers
103
Where is the Agranular located
Precentral gurus + other parts of the frontal lobe
104
What is the cerebral crotex organized into
Vertical units
105
Name the components of a vertical unit+ their function
- Affernet fibers- Bring in signals -Internuncial neurons-Link afferent and effernt neurons -Efferent fibers-Carry output signlas
106
What is a limitation of the traditional classifications of the cerebral cortex
Brodmaans area is too simplified
107
Name all the components/subdivisiosn fo the frontal lobe + their brodmaans area
- Primary Motor cortex - 4 -Premotor Area- Area 6 and parts of 8,44 and 45 -Supplementary Motor area -Frontal eye fields-Area 6,8,9 -Brocas Speech area - area 44 and 45 -Prefrontal cortex- Areas- 9,10,11,12
108
As a frontal lobe component where is the : - Primary Motor Area/cortex - 4 located -What structures does it lack + what does it contain
Location: -Precentral gyrus -Anterior wall of central sulcus Posterior parts of the superio,middle and inferior frontal gyri -Lacks Granular layers -Contains giant pyramidal cells of Betz
109
As a frontal lobe component What is the function of the Primaty Motor Area/cortex- 4 - WHat does it control x2
- Controls voluntary movement of body parts on tthe opposite side -Controls bilateral movements of : -Extraocular muscles -upper face -Tounge,jaw
110
As a frontal lobe component Where does the Primary Motor cortex/area- 4 reciece afferents from5
- Premotor area -Sensory cortex -Thalams -Basal ganglia Cerebellum
111
Where is the Premotor area of the frontal lobe ( 6 and 8,44,45) -Located -What structures does it lack -Where are its inputs from
- Located in Anterior part of precentral gyrus -Posterior parts of supeiro,middle and inferior frontal gyri -Lacks Betz cells -Inputs from : sensory cortexm thalams and basal ganglia
112
What is the function fo the premotor Area of the frontal lobe - -What does it store -what does it program -What is it inolved in
- Stores motor programs -Programs the primary motor cortex -Involved in coarse postural movements via basal ganglia connections
113
Where is the supplementary motor area located of the frontal lobe + functions -What does it control
- Medial surface of the hemisphere =Medial frontal gyrus -Controls contralateral limb movements
114
Where does the frontal eye field of the frontal lobe extend from
-- Facial area of the precentral gyrus into the middle frontal gyrus
115
Explain the function of the frontal eye field, 6,,8,9 in the frontal lobe -What it controls
- Controls voluntary eye scanning movements
116
Where is Brocas speech area in the frontal lobe located
- Inferior frontal gyrus
117
What is the function fo brocas speech are in the frontal lobe -What does it control + coordinate
- Controls speech production -Coordinates motor control of laryns, tounge,mouth,respiratory muscles
118
Where is the Prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe located
Anterior to Precentral area
119
What does the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe include
-Superior,middle and inferior frontl gyri -Orbital gyri -Medial frontal gyrus
120
What is the functuon ofa prefrontal cortex and what it controls
-personality regulation -Controls emotion, initiative and judgment
121
Name the components of the Pariteal lobe + brodmaan areas
- Primary somesthetic area-Area 3,2,1 -Secondary somesthetic area - A52 -Somesthetic association area -A 5,7
122
In the Parietal lobe where is the primary somesthetic area locacted
- Postcentral gyrus -Medial surface of paracentral lobule
123
In the parietal lobe, where is the secondary somesthetic area located
Superior lip of the posterior limb of the lateral fissure
124
Explain the different in the Area 3 (anterior ) and area 1 and 2 of the primary somesthetic area in the parietal lobe
Area 3- Highly granular Area 1 and 2- Only has few granular cless
125
Give a charactertistic of the secondary somesthetic area
- Smaller and less important than the primary area
126
Where are the 2inputs in the secondary somesthetic area from in the parietal lobe
- From Primary sensory cortex -From brainstem -
127
Where is the Somesthetic association area of the parietal lobe located + what does it enable
- Superior parietal lobule -Enables recognition of objects by touch alone
128
What does secondary somesthetic area respond to
- Transient cutaneous stimuli
129
Name the components of the Occipital lobe + Bordmann area
- Primary Visual area- 17 -Secondary Visual area- 18 + 19 -Occipital eye field- 18 +19
130
Where is the Primary visual area of the occipital lobe located + explain structure
-Walls of posterior part o the calcarine sulcus -Structure: - Thin cortex -Few pyramidal cells
131
Where does the primary visual area of the occipital lobe recieve afferent fibers from
-Temporal half of ipsilateral retia -NASAL hald of controlateral retina
132
What does secondary visual area of the occipital lobe surround+ inputs from where
-Area 17 -pRIMARY vISUAL CORTEX -Thalamus
133
What is the function of the secondary visual area of the occipital lobe
- Processes and interprets visual input
134
Where is the occipital eye field of the occipital lobe located
- Within the secondary visual area - 18 and 19
135
What does the occipital eye field of the occipital lobe coordinate
Reflex eye movements
136
Name the componenst fo the temporal lobe+ broadmans area
- Primary auditory area- 41+42 -Secondary auditroy area - 22 Wernickes area
137
Where is the Primary auditory area of the temporal lobe located - Explain characteritscs of the areas in the primary auditoru area
- Gyrus of Heschl of the Lateral sulcus Area 41 - Granular cortex Area 42-Homotypical cortex
138
What is the function of the Anterior and posterior part of the primary auditory area of the temporal lobe
Anterior part- Low frequence sound perception Posterior part- High frequency sound perception
139
Where is the seconday visual area of the temporal lobe located+ what does it interpret
- Lateral sulcus and superior temporal gyrus -Interprets sounds
140
Where is Wernickes area of the temporal lobe located
In left hemisphere in superior temporal gyrus
141
What is the functuon of wernickes area
- Understanding of spoken and written language
142
Where is the taste are located + name its brodmaans area+ function
- Located in lateral sulcus+ postcentral gyrys Area 43 -Perception fo taste
143
Where is the vestibulat area located + what does it coordinate
in superior temporal gyrus - Coordinates eyemtrunk and limb movements
144
Where is the Insula buried+ explain the posterior and anterior part which is granular and agranular
- Within the lateral sulcus - Posterior part- Granular cortex Anterior part- agranular
Medicine Sem 2
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