Medicine Sem 2 > COM2 Anatomy w7 > Flashcards

COM2 Anatomy w7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 meninges the brain is covered by

A
  • Dura mater
    -Arachnoid mater
    -Pia mater
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2
Q

Name the 2 layers of the dura mater+characteristics

A
  • Endosteal layer-inner periosteum of skull bones
    -Meningeal layer-true dura mater
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3
Q

Explain the endosteal layer of the dura mater:
-What it covers
-What is it not continous with
-What does it become continous with
-What is the strongest adherance

A
  • Covers the inner surface of skull bones
    -Not continous with spinal cord dura at foramen magnum
    -Becomes conintous with:
    outer skull periosteum
    sutural ligaments at cranial sutures
    -Strongest adherance= base of the skull
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4
Q

Explain the meningeal layer:
-Characteristics
-What its continous through
-What does it form
-What does it form/partion

A

-Dense fibrous membrane
-Continous through foramen magnum
-Forms tubular sheths aroudn cranial nerves
-Froms 4 inwards septa that partions the cranial activity into:
-Falx cerebri
-Tentorium cerebelli
-Flax cerebeli
-Diaphragma sellae

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5
Q

Explain the falx cerebri:
-Its shape
-location
What is it anteriorly attachted to
Posteriorly what it blends with

A

-Sickle shaped
-In the midline between cerebral hemispheres
-Anteriorly, attached to crista galli
-Posteriorly, blends with tentorium cerebelli

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6
Q

What does the Falx cerebri contain

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
    -Inferior sagittal sinus
    -Straight sinus
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7
Q

Explain the tentorium cerebelli:
-shape
-Where it forms over
-What does it support
-Name the key structures in the tentorium cerebelli+ wht the second one atched to
-Name the passage of what 2 nerves near the border crossing

A
  • Crescent shaped
    -Form over posterior cranial fossa
    -Supports cerebellum and occipital lobes
    -Tentorial notch
    -fixed border-attched to : posterior clinoid prcesses, superior petrous ridges and occipital bone
    -Free broder
    -Oculomotor3 and trochlear 4
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8
Q

Explain the falx cerebelli:
-shape
-location
-what is it attched to
what does it contain

A
  • small sickle shaped fold
    -Between cerebellar hemispheres
    -Attached to internal occipital crest
    -Contains occipital sinus
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9
Q

Explain the diaphragma sellae :
-shape+ what it forms
-What does it has a central opening for

A
  • Small circular fold ,forming roof of sella turcica
    -Has a central opening for the pituitary stalk
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10
Q

Name the 4 main nevr sources for the dural nerve supply

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
    -Vagus nerve
    -First 3 cervical spinal branhces
    -Symapthetic trunk banches
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11
Q

What are the nerve endings the dura containts sensitive to+ what can this cause

A
  • Sensitive to stretching, which can cause a headache
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12
Q

Name the 2 different referred pain patterns

A
  • Above the tentorium cerebelli
    -Below the tentorium cerebelli
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13
Q

Explain the referred pain pattern- above the tentorium cerebelli
- What it is supplied by
Where the pain is referred to

A
  • Supplied by trigeminal nerve
    -Pain is referred to the same side of the head
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14
Q

Explain the reffered pain pattern- below the tentorium cerebelli
-What is it supplied by
Where is the pain referred to
-It follows the path of what nerve

A
  • Supplied by upper cervical spinal nerves
    -Pain is referred to the back of the neck and back of the scalp
    -Follows th epath of the grater occipital nerve
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15
Q

Name the 5main arterial soruces in arterial suppliess

A

-Internal cartoid artery
-Maxillary artery
-Ascending pharyngeal artery
-Occipital artery
-Vertberal artery

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16
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artey :
-Originate from
-Where does it enter + via what
-Where does it run between

A
  • Origin: Maxillary artery
    -Enters skull via foraman spinosum
    -Runs between meningeal and enodsteal layers of durs
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17
Q

Explain the branches of the Middle meningeal artery:
-Name them
1. Where does it run + what does it groove + it follows the line of what
2. where does it curve+ what does it supply

A

Branches:
Anterior branch:

Runs forward/laterally

Grooves the parietal bone

Follows the line of the precentral gyrus

Posterior branch:

Curves backward

Supplies posterior dura mater

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18
Q

During head trauma what aretry gets torn + what does this cayse

A
  • Middle meningeal artery
    -Causes epidural hematoma
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19
Q

Where do the meningeal veins lie

A
  • Lie in the endosteal layer
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20
Q

What does the middle meningeal vein :
-follow and drain into

A
  • Follows the middle meingeal artery
    -Drains into the :
    -pterygoid venous plexus
    -sphenopariteal sinus
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21
Q

Where are Dural venous sinuses located +
-What are they lined by + structure + what is doesn’t have

A

Between the layers of the dura mater
-lined by endothelium + has thick walls
-no muscles or valves

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22
Q

What is the function of the Dural venous sinuses
-What does does it drain - 2 things+ via what

A
  • Drain blood from the brain via cerebral veins
    -Drain CSF from subarachnoid space via arachnoid villi
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23
Q

Name the 8major sinuses
+ indicate whether they are paired or not

A

-Superior sagital sinus
-Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
-Transverse sinuses (paired)
-Sigmoid sinuses (paired)
-Occipital sinus
-Cavernous sinuses(paired)
-Petrosal sinuses

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24
Q

Explain the superior sagittal sinus:
-location
-Where it begins
-What it drains into
-What it is connected to
-What it Recieves

A
  • Upper fixed margin of falx cerebra
    -Begin: foramen cecum
    -Drains into:Righ transverse sinus
    -Connected to : Venous lacunae
    -Recieves : superior cerebral veins, diploic and meningeal veins
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25
Explain the inferior sagittal sinus : -Locaton -What it joins with -What it forms -Recieves
- Lower free margin of falx cerebri -Joins with great cerebral veins -Form straight sinus Receives veins from medial cerebral hemispheres
26
Explain straight sinus: -Location -Foremd by -What it drains into
- Location: junction of falx cerebri and tenorium cerebelli -Formed by : Inferior sagittal sinus + great cerebral veins -Drains into left transverse sinus
27
Explain the transverse sinuses (paired) -Wheredoes it begins -What the right and left side a continuation of -Loation -Where it drains into -What it receives
• Begin: Internal occipital protuberance • Right = continuation of superior sagittal sinus • Left = continuation of straight sinus • Location: Attached margin of tentorium cerebelli • Drain into: Sigmoid sinuses • Receive: • Superior petrosal sinuses • Inferior cerebral & cerebellar veins • Diploic veins
28
Explain the sigmoid sinuses -What is it a continuation of -What is the groove -What does it exit through -Where does it drain into
• Continuation of transverse sinuses • Groove: Mastoid part of temporal bone • Exit: Through jugular foramen • Drain into: Internal jugular vein
29
Explain the occipital sinus: -Size + Location -What it connects to -What it drains into
• Small; in attached margin of falx cerebelli • Connects to: Vertebral veins • Drains into: Confluence of sinuses
30
Explain the cavernous sinuses : -Location -why it it spongy -It’s contents -Where does it drain to What does it communicate via
Location: Each side of sphenoid body Spongy due to trabeculae Contents: inside the sinus = internal carotid artery + inside the lateral wall -=abductees nerve + cranial nerves 3,,5 Drainage to: -Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses -pterygoid venous plexuses Communicates via: -Anterior and posterior intercaverous sinuses + superior ophthalmic vein to the facial nerve
31
. Explain the petrosal sinuses: -What is it divided into -Where does it run along 1 + 2 -What does it drain and into where 1+2 -
• Superior petrosal sinus: • Runs along superior petrous ridge • Drains cavernous → transverse sinus • Inferior petrosal sinus: • Runs along inferior petrous ridge • Drains cavernous → internal jugular vein
32
Explain the Arachnoid mater: -General features -Where does it lie between -Where is the subdural space located -Where is the subarachnoid space located what it contain
• Delicate, impermeable membrane • Lies between dura mater (outside) and pia mater (inside) • Subdural space (between dura & arachnoid): potential space with fluid film • Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia): contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
33
What is the outer n inner surfaces of arachnoid mater covered by ?
Flattened mesothelioal cells
34
In the arachnoid mater where are the : -Cisterna cerebelomedullairs -Cisterna interpeduncularis located
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris : Between cerebellum and 4th ventricle Cisterna interpeduncularis :Between cerebral peduncles
35
-Where do arachnoid villi project into -What does they serve as
Venous sinuses Serve as sites of CSF absorption into the bloodstream
36
Wherre do the cerebral arteries, veins and cranial nerves pass through in relation to arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space
37
What is CSF produced by
Choroid plexuses in lateral 3,4ventricles
38
What does the CSF exit the ventricles via + explain its flow upwards + downwards + where does it drain
• Exits ventricles via 3 foramina in roof of 4th ventricle • Flows: • Upward over cerebral hemispheres • Downward around spinal cord (to S2 vertebra level) • Drains into venous blood via arachnoid villi
39
What is the function of the CSF: -WHtt does it protect -Remove -Inolved in
- Protects the brain via buoyancy (birth defects) -Removes neuronal waste -Involved in hormone transport
40
Explain the pia mater : -General features -Wht does it cover + descend into -What does it form -What does it contribute to
Thin, vascular membrane with flattened mesotheial cells -covers gyri + depends into sulci • Forms tela choroidea (with ependyma) in roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles • Contributes to choroid plexuses (CSF production sites) in: • Lateral ventricles • Third ventricle • Fourth ventricle
41
What is the dura mater continous with + where
- Cranial dura at foramen magnum
42
What dies the epidermal space in the dura mater contain
- Loose areolar tissue -Internal vertebral venous plexuses
43
Where Does the dura and arachnoid mater end
At S2
44
What does the ventricular system contain+ examples
- The ventricles which are 4 CSF filled cavities within the brain: -2 lateral ventricles -Third ventricle -Fourth ventricle
45
What are the ventricles in the ventricular system lined by + what do they develop from
-Lined by ependymal cells -Develop from the neural tube cavity
46
Explain what these 2 ventricles communicate with+ via what -Lateral ventricles -Third ventricle
-Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle via interventricular foramen -Third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
47
What does the 4th ventricle continu inferiorly with Where does the 4th ventricle open to + via what
-Continues with central canal -4th ventricle opens to the subarachnoid space via : -2 lateral apertures -1 median aperture
48
Explain the lateral ventricle : -structure -What is it divided into
- Cshaped -Divided into : body anterior horn posterior horn inferior horn
49
Explain the body of the lateral ventricle: -what is the roof formed by -WHat is the floor formed by + what is the medial wall formed by
Floor is formed by corpus callosum Floor: formed by body of caudante nucleus and thalamus -Septum pellucidum
50
Explain the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle : - Where does it extend -What is the roof formed by -What is the floor formed by + What is the medial wall formed by
- Extends into frontal lobe -Roof formed by corpus callosum -Floor is formed by caudate nucleus + rostrum of corpus callosum + medial wall is formed by septum pellucidum + fornix
51
Explain the posterior horn of lateral ventricle : - Where does it extend into - What is the roof and lateral wall -In the medial wall what is the superior + inferior swelling caused by + names
-Occipital lobe -roof + lateral wall- tapetum of corpus callosum -Medial wall: superior swellinh caised by forceps major- called bulb of the posterior horn -Inferior swelling caused by calcrine sulcus and is called calcar avis -
52
Explain the inferior horn: -Where does it extend into -What is the roof formed by What is the floor formed by + what does one of the things end as + covered by
-It extends into the temporal lobe -Tapetum of corpus callsoum+ tail of caudate nucleus -Collateral eminence -Hippocampus Hippocampus ends as pes hippocampus + covered by alveus
53
Name the boundaries of the body of the lateral ventricle
-Roof floor medial wall
54
Name the biundares of the Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle
-Roof -floor -medial
55
Name the boundaries of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles
-Roof -lateral wall -Medial wall
56
Name the biundaries of the inferior horn of the lateral ventruckes
Roof floor
57
Explain The choroid plexus: -Structure+ composed+covered by -What does it form -Where is it found
- A vascular fringe composed of pia mater covered by ependymal cells -It forms the irregular lateral edge if the tela choridea -It is found in the lateral ventricles
58
Explain the tela choridea : -structure -Where is it located between -Give rise to
- 2 layerd fold of pia mater -Located between fornix and upper surface of the thalamus -The chorioid plexus
59
What does the choroid plexus enter
Enters the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
60
Explain the third ventricle: -structure
- A slit like space between the 2 thalami
61
What is the function of the chorid plexus
- Production of CSF
62
What is the blood supply of the choroid plexus derived from
-Choridal branches of the internal cartoid and basilar arteries
63
Explain the venous drainage of the chroid plexus : -Where does it go into -what does it form -Then what does that join and form
-Drains into internal cerebral veins and forms the great cerebral veins -The great cerebral veins join the inferior safittal sinus + forms the straight sinus
64
Explain the cerebral aqueduct: -What does it connect -What is it lined with -What is it surrounded by
-Connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle -Lined with ependyma -Surrounded by central gray matter
65
What is the function of the Cerebral aqueduct -what does it conduct
- Conducs CSF from the 3d to 4the ventricle
66
Explain the fourth ventricle: -Structure -Locaton : anterior + posterior to what -What is it lined with Above: what does it continue wiht Below: what does it continue with
-Tent-shaped cavity filled with CSF -Anterior to the cerebellum: Posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongate -Lined with ependyma -Continutiy: above: with cerebral aqueduct below: central canal of the medulla oblongata + spinal cord
66
What is not present int he cerebral aqueduct
- Choroid plexus
67
Name the boundaries of the 4th ventricle
- Lateral boundaires -Roof superior roof -inferior roof
68
Explain the lateral boundares of the 4th ventricle: Inferior part superior part
infeiro: inferior cerebellar peduncle superior : superior cerebellar peduncle
69
Explain the superior roof of the 4th ventricle: -What is it formed by Explain the inferior roof of the 4th ventricle+ explain what that component COMPOSED OF + structure+ wht it lack
- Formed by the superio cerebellar peduncles+ superior medullary velum -Formed by inferior medullary velum : Composed of ependymal lining + pia mater Thin + lacks nervous tissue
70
Name the apertures the 4h ventricle contains:
Median appertue lateral apeture
71
Where is CSF found
Lateral ventricles + subarachnoid space
72
What is the apperance of CSF
Clear and colourless
73
Explain what is the CSF composed of
- Inorganic salts -Glucose -proteins cells-lymphocytes
74
Name the 5 overall main functions of the CSF
- Mechanical protection -Volume regulation in the skull -Nutrient transprt -Waste removal -Endcorine function
75
WHere is the main site of CSF formation
Choroid plexus in the lateral, third and 4th ventricle
76
What is the chorid plexus covered by
- Cuboidal ependymal epithelium with microvilli
77
Explain the mechanism fo CSF secretion starting from: -Active secretion of CSF
Active secretion of CSF → creates pressure gradient. Active transport of metabolites from CSF to blood. Ion concentrations in CSF vs. blood
78
Explain the subarachnoic circulation -what does it flow through?(4)
Flows through: -Cerebromedullary and pontine cisterns -Tnetorial notch -lateral surfacces -Spinal subarachnoid spcae
79
What is subarachnoid circulation aided by
Arterial pulsations cilia on ependymal cells movemnt of vertebral column
80
What is the main site for CSF absorption+ what does that project into
-Arachnoid villi projects into dural venous sinuses
81
What is grouped arachnoid villi called
- Arachnoid granulations
82
Explain the CSF absoprtion mechansism IN relation to CSF pressure+ venous pressure
- CSF pressure > venous pressure → CSF flows into sinus. Venous pressure > CSF pressure → tubules collapse to prevent backflow (valve-like function).
83
Explain 2 other routesin which CSF is absorbed- directly into where+ via what
- Direclty into the veins in subarachnoid space -Via lymphatics
84
Name + explain theprocess for the first one the subarachnoid space extensions- around where 1. What extends where+ what fuses with what + then what passes through
- Around the optic nerve: subarachnoid sleeve extends to the back of the eyall, arachnoid + pia fuse with the sclear - retinal artry and vein pass through -Around cranial and spinal nerves -Aroud brain and spinal cord vessels
85
What is hydrocephalsu
Abnormal increase in CSF volume in the skull
86
Name the 2 types of hydrocephalus- the cause in relationt to pressure+ what causes them 1. 3 things 2. associated with what
1, One with raised CSF pressue : Increased CSF production Blockage of CSF flow Decreased abdorption 2. With normal CSF pressure Assoctaed with brain atrophy
87
Name the 2 types of hydrocephalus
-Non communicating -communicating
88
What causes non-communicating hydrocephalus
- Blockage between the production site and exit at the fourth ventricle -Csf cant exit ventricular system
89
What is the cause in communicting hydrocephalus
- CFS flows frely but reabsoprtion si impaire
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