COM 2 Physiology week 4

Question 1

Name the 5 main components of the basal ganglia

Answer 1

• Caudate nucleus
  -Putamen
  -Globus pallidus
  -Substantia nigra
  -Subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

What does the basal ganglia surrround

Answer 2

-Thalamus

Question 3

What is the internal capsule

Answer 3

Space between the caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 4

Where do complex anatmoical connections exist between

Answer 4

• bASAL GANGLIA and motor control structures

Question 5

What does the basal ganglia work with and why

Answer 5

• Corticospinal system to control complex, learned motor patterns

Question 6

Give an examole of skilled motor patterns

Answer 6

• Writting letters

Question 7

What does damage to the basal ganglia lead to

Answer 7

• Loss of smooth skilled motor execution
  -Movements become crude and uncoordinated

Question 8

What is the basal ganglia apart of

Answer 8

• Large complex network in the brain that helps control movement

Question 9

What is the is the basal ganglia connected to + e.g

Answer 9

• Connected t0 several ther brain regions :
  -Motor cortex
  -Thalamus
  -Brainstem and cerebellum

Question 10

What does the connections the basal ganglia form with the other brain regions form

Answer 10

They form 2 main groups:
-Left side which contains: Motor cortex, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellar circuitry
-Right side- core basal ganglia circuitry

Question 11

What is the key pathway within the basal ganglia for motor control

Answer 11

Putamen circuit

Question 12

Where does the neural pathways of the putamen circuit start

Answer 12

-Premotor and supplementary motor areas
-Somatosensory cortex

Question 13

Explain the process of the neural pathway fo the putamen circuit from start to end ( where it returns to )

Answer 13

Starts in:

Premotor and supplementary motor areas

Somatosensory cortex
(These areas plan and integrate movements)

Next step:

Signals go to the putamen
(Mostly bypassing the caudate nucleus)

Then to:

Internal segment of the globus pallidus

Then to:

Ventroanterior (VA) and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus

Finally returns to:

Primary motor cortex

Premotor and supplementary motor areas

Question 14

What circuit also works with the putamen circut and through what

Answer 14

• Ancillary(supporting circuits) through:
  -External globus pallidus
  -Subthalamus
  -Substantia nigra
  -Thalamus

Question 15

What does lesion in the putamen result in + symotoms

Answer 15

• Chorea
• Jerky movements of the hands

Question 16

What does lesions in the Globus pallidus result in + symptom

Answer 16

• Athetosis
  -Slow continous movements

Question 17

What does lesions of the substantia nigra result in + symptom

Answer 17

-Parkinsons disease
-Tremors

Question 18

What does lesiosn in the subthalamus result in + symptom

Answer 18

• Hemiballismus
  -Wild flailing of one limb

Question 19

What does the Caudate circuit help with

Answer 19

• Planning and controlling motor patterns based on conscious though

Question 20

What is the caudate circuit involved in

Answer 20

Cognitive control of movement

Question 21

What is cognition

Answer 21

It is using sensory input and memory to think and plan

Question 22

Explain the pathway of the caudate circuit pathway

Answer 22

• From association areas of teh cerebral cortex to the CAUDATE NUCELUS then to the INTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS to tthe VENTROANTERIOR AND BENTROLATERTAL THALAMIC NUCLEI then to the PREFRONTAL, PREMOTOR and supplementary motor cortx

Question 23

What does the caudate nucleus extend through

Answer 23

• All lobes of the brain

Question 24

Why does the basal ganglia work with the cereberal cortex

Answer 24

To adjust the timing of movements
Control movement intesnity

Question 25

What does the Posterior parietal cortex contain

Answer 25

Spatial mapds of the body and surroundings

Question 26

What is the effect of lesiosn in Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 26

- Agnosia- inability to recognise sensory inout correctly -Neglect syndrome- ignoring one side of the body

Question 27

Name the key neurotransmitters in the Basal ganglia

Answer 27

- Dopamine -GABA -Ach

Question 28

Name other neurotransmitters in the brainstem

Answer 28

- Norepinephrine -Serotonin -Enkephalins

Question 29

Where does Dopamine originate from - What is it target -Effect -Role

Answer 29

Origin: Substantia nigra (pars compacta) Target: Caudate nucleus & putamen Effect: Modulates movement by balancing excitation and inhibition Role: Inhibitory + modulatory

Question 30

Where does GABA originate from + -Target -Effect -WHat does it helo eith

Answer 30

Origin: Caudate nucleus & putamen Target: Globus pallidus & substantia nigra Effect: Inhibitory Role: Helps regulate and suppress unwanted movements

Question 31

Where does acetylcholine: -Origin from -Target -Effect -What does it promote

Answer 31

Origin: Cerebral cortex Target: Caudate nucleus & putamen Effect: Excitatory Role: Promotes movement initiation and interacts with dopamine for motor balance

Question 32

What is the effect of Glutamate

Answer 32

- Excitatory

Question 33

What is parkinsons disease caused by

Answer 33

- Degeneration of dopmaine producing nerions in the substantia nigra

Question 34

Give motor symptoms of parkinsons disease

Answer 34

- Resting tumor -Akinesia -Poor reflexes

Question 35

Give non motor problems of parkinsons disease

Answer 35

- Sleep problems -Depression and anxiety

Question 36

Name all the treatment options for parkinsons disease and explain how they work

Answer 36

- L-Dopa- Dopamine percursor -MAO inhibitors - prevent dopamine breakdown -Fetal dopamine cell transplants