Medicine Sem 2 > COM 2 Anatomy week 2 > Flashcards

COM 2 Anatomy week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the cerebellum situated+ above what

A

In the posterior cranial fosaa, above the fourth ventricl,pons and medulla oblongatae

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2
Q

What is the cerebellum covered superiorly by

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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3
Q

Explain the shape of the cerebellum

A

-Ovoid in shape

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4
Q

How many hemispheres is the cerebellum composed of + what is it connected by

A
  • Composed of 2 hemispheres
    -Connected by a median vermis
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5
Q

How many lobes is the cerebellum divided into and name them

A

-Divided into 3 lobes:
- Anterior
-Posterior
-Flocculonodular lobe

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6
Q

What is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem by

A

3 cerebellar peduncles:
-Superior cerebellar peduncle
-Middle cerebellar peduncle
-Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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7
Q

What does the superior surface of the cerebellum show

A

Anterior lobe and primary fissure

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8
Q

What does the inferior surface of the cerebellum show

A
  • Flocculondoular lobe,
    -Nodulus
    -Cerebellar tonsils
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9
Q

Explain the internal structure of the cerebellum

A
  • Outer gray mater cortex and inner white matter
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10
Q

What does the white mater in the internal structure of the cerebellum form + structure

A

arbor vitae- tree like apperance

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11
Q

What type of folds does the surface of the cerebellum have

A

Folia

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12
Q

What is the function of the superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles- what do they carry

A

Superior - Mainly carries outpts from the brain
Middle- Mainly carries inputs
Inferior-Carries inputs

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13
Q

What is the largest cerebellar peduncle

A

-Middle cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Where does the superior cerebellar peduncle decussate+ at what level

A
  • In the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi
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15
Q

What is another name of superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Brachium conjunctivum

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16
Q

What is another name for middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Brachium pontis

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17
Q

What is another name for inferior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • Restiform body
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18
Q

Explain how Tonsilar herniaton can lead to death starting w cerebellar tonsils

A
  • Cerebellar tonsils can herniate throguh the foramen magnum during brain swelling, compress on the medulla, and the ,medulla controls respiriotiy centers, which can then lead to death
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19
Q

What does the vermis control

A

It controls the proximal trunk muscles

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20
Q

What is the lateral hemisphere involved in planing

A

Involved in planning motor programs

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20
Q

What does intermediate hemisphere control

A

It controls distal appendicular muscles

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21
Q

Where do all outputs from the cerebellum go through

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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22
Q

Name the deep cerebellar nuclei’s: organized medial to lateral

A

-Fastigial nucleus
-Globose nucleus
-Emboliform nucleus
-Dentate nucleis

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23
Q

Where does the fastigial nucleus, a deep cerebellar nuclei, receive input from

A
  • Vermis
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24
When is the dentate nucleus active
Active before voluntary movement
25
When inerposed nuclei active
Active during movement
26
Where is the vestibular nuclei located+ where does it recive output from
In the brainstem -Recieves output from the inferior vermis and flocculi
27
What is the flocculondular tube involved in
Involved in vestibulo ocular functio
28
Name the 3 cerebellar cortex layers
- Granule cell layer -Purkinje cell layer -Molecular layer
29
What does the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex packed with
Small granule cells
30
What does the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex contain
- purkinje cell bodies
31
What does the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex contain
Contains unmyelinated granule cell axons, purkinje endrites, interneurons
32
Name the inputs to the cerebellum
- Mossy fibers -Climbing fibers
33
What type of synapses does , mossy fibers use
- Granule cells( excitatory)
34
Where does climbing fibers originate from+ what do they wrap around
- Inferior olivary nucleus -They wrap around purkinje cell body and dendrites
35
Name the output from the cerebellum
Purkinje cells
36
What does the purkinje cells project inhibitory GABAergic signals to what?
-Deep cerebellar nuclei -Vestibular nuclei
37
Name the 3 types of cerebellar interneurons
- Stellate cells -Basket cells -Golgi cells
38
Where are the cerebellar interneurons located
In the molecular layer
39
What is the function of the cerebellar interneurons
-They Limit the area of the cortex that gets excited -Control the degree of excitstion received by the purkinje cells
40
What do the cerebellar interneurons release
GABA
41
The cerebeal cortex sends information to the cerebellum by what 3 pathways
-Corticopontocerebellar pathway -Cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway -Cerebroreticularcerebellar pathway
42
Explain the process of the corticopontocerebellar pathway follwoing this -Where does it start and stop, crossing over -Entry to the cerebellum via
- Starts in:Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the cortex -Stops at the Pontine nuclei Then fibers cross over to the opposite side - via Middle Cerebellar peduncle
43
What is the main job of the corticopontocerebellar pathway
-Sends planned movement signals from the cortex to the cerebellum for coordination
44
Explain the cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway including : -What ir starts in + stops it -Crossing over -Then after enters the cerebellum via the WHAT
Starts in: frontal, parietal,temporal and occipital lobes Stops at : Inferior olivary nuclei -Then fibers cross over to the opposite side -Enters the cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
45
What is the main job of the cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway
-Fine-tunes movement control- helps the cerebellum to learn and adapt movements
46
Explain the cerebroreticulocerebellar pathway including: - start and stops at -Enters cerebellum via what?
starts in : many areas of the cortex, especially : sensorimotor stops at : Reticular formation -then - Via inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles
47
What is the main job of the cerebroreticular
Gives the cerebellum a heads up when movement is about to start
48
The cerebellum recieves proprioceptive information from the spinal cord through what 3 Tracts?
- Anterior spinocerebellar tract -Posterior spinocerebellar tract -Cuneocerebellar tract
49
Explain where the anterior spinocerebellar tract: -originates -pathway -Entry through cerebellum via what -Termination: -what place and as what?
1.Origin: Nucles dorsalis(clarkes column) 2.Pathway: -Axons corss to opposite side -Ascend in contralteral white column -some axons stay on same side -Entry into cerebellum via SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES Termination: Mostly in the cerebellar cotex as mossy fibers
50
Explain the function of the anterior spinocerebellar tract- what it carries and from where
-Carries proprioceptive information from the upper and lower limbs, muscles spindles,tendon organs and joint receptors
51
Explain the posterior spinocerebellar tact: -Origin -Pathway(short) -Entry into cerebellum via Termintation
1.Origin: Clarke column 2.Pathway: - Fibers stay ipsilateral -Ascend in posterolateral lateral white column 3.Entry into cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle 4. Terminates in the cerebral cortex as mossy fibers -some collaterals go to deep cerebellar nuclei
52
What is the function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract- carries what and from where
Carries proprioceptive info from the trunk and lower limbs and from the muscle spindles,tendon organs and joint receptors
53
Explain the cuneocerebellar tract: -Origin -Pathway- short -Entry into cerebellum via what -Termination- where and as what -Function
- Origin; Nucleus cuneatus in the medulla oblongata -Pathway: FIbers travel ipsilaterally -Entry into cerebelllum via inferior cerebellar peduncles -Termination:-In the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibers + some go to deep cerebellar nuclei
54
Explain the function of the cuneocerebellar tract- what it caries and from where
Carries proprioceptive infro from upper limbs and upper thorax and muscle spindle, tendon rogans and joint receptors
55
In cerebellar afferemts from the vestibular nerve , what does -the vestibular nerve Carry and from what?
The vestibular nerve caries balance and head positions info from the inner ear
56
Explain what happens in the direct pathway in cerebellar afferent from the vestibular nerve : -Where some fibers go to -What it enters through -fibers stay or cross? -What they end as
Direct pathway: -Some fibers go directly to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum. -They enter through the inferior cerebellar peduncle. -These fibers stay on the same side (ipsilateral). -They end as mossy fibers (a type of input to cerebellar cortex).
57
Explain what happens in the indirect pathway in cerebellar afferents fom the vestibular nerve -Where fibers go to -Then relayed to where -End as(2)
Indirect pathway: Other fibers first go to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Then, they are relayed to the cerebellum (also via inferior cerebellar peduncle). These are also ipsilateral and end as mossy fibers.
58
Explain which peduncle is used in each of the cerebellar tract, wethere it crosses + where the info goes
-Corticopontocerebellar path- Middle cerebellar peduncle, crosses, info goes contralateral Cerebroolivocerebellar- inferior cerebellar peduncle, crosses , info goes to contralteral Cerebroreticulocerebellar path- Inferior/middle peduncle, no crossing, info goes ipsilateral
59
Explain the epduncle used, if it crosses and where the info goes in these pathways( from the spinal cord)
Anterior spine cerebellar path- superior cerebellar peduncle , crosses twice into goes o ipsilateral Posterior spinocerebellar path- inferior cerebellar peduncle, no crossing , info goes ipsilateral Cuneocerebellar path- Inferior cerebellar peduncle ,no crossing, ipsilateral - vestbukocerebellar, inferior cerebellar peduncle,, no crossing, ipsilateral VE
60
Name 2 other structures that send afferent fibers to the cerebellum + EXPLAIn what the second one sends
-Red nucleus -Tectum(Midbrain) - sends visual and auditory reflex -related input
61
What is teh function of the lateral hemisphere -what it controls - plans and coordinates what? -lesion affects
- Plan and coordinate distal limb movement s Lesions : cause intention tremor , limb ataxia
62
What is the function of the intermediate hemispheres -What it coordinates -Lesion effects
Coordinates limb muscles -lesion effects : ataxia
63
What does the vermis and flocculondular control together + lesion effects
-Control trunk,balance,eye movements -Lesion affects- truncal ataxia
64
What does lesions in the midline - vermin affect + examples
-Affects medial motor systems -posture , gait trunk control
65
Name all the cerebellar Affrent fibers/pathways from the cerebral cortex to cerebellum and from the spinal cord to the cerebellum
-Corticopontocerebellar -cerebroolivocerebellar -cerebroreticulocerebellar -Anterior spinocerebellar tract -Posterior cpinocerebellar tract -Cuneocerebellar tract
66
What is the main output of the cerebellum
-Purkinje cells
67
Where do most purkinje cell axons synapse
On deep cerebellar nuclei
68
What does the deep cerebellar nuclei send efferent fibers to
- Red nucleus -Thalamus -Vestibular nuclei -Reticular formation
69
Name the 4 pathways used by efferent fibers
-Globose-Emboliform-Rubral pathway -Dentothalamic pathway -Fastigial-vestibular pathway -Fastigial reticular pathway
70
Explain the Globose-Emboliform-Rubral pathway: -Origin -Where it exits -Where it crosses -End point
-Origin: Globose + Emboliform nuclei -Exit: Superior cerebellar peduncles -Crossing; - In superior cerebellar peduncle+ rubrospinal tract -End point: Contralateral red nucleus
71
What is the function of the Globose-Emboliform-Rubral pathway+ what it results in + what is the Final effect
Modulates the rubrospinal tract and results in ipsilateral motor control -Acts on ipsilateral muscles
72
Explain the dentothalamic pathway: - Origin -Exit -Crossing -End point(2)
-Origin: Dentate nucles Exit- Superior cerebellar peduncle Crossing: superior cerebellar peduncle -End point- Contralateral thalamus then to motor cortex
73
What is the function of the dentothalamic pathway- what it influcnes + Its FINAL effect
-Influences the motor cortex, which controls the contralateral body -Coordinates movement on the same side of the bofy
74
Explain the fastigial -Vestibular pathway: -Origin -Exit -End point
Origin: Fastigial nucleus Exit: Inferior cerebellar peduncle End point: Lateral vestibular nucles
75
What is the function of the fastigial -vestibular pathway- what does it form - ITS FINAL effect- what does it facillitate
-Vestibular nucleus forms the vestibulospinal tract -Facilitates ipsilateral extensor muscle tone
76
What is the function of the fastigial-reticular pathway- what does it affect + -FINAL EFFECT- what does it act on
- Affects motor activit -Acts on ipsilateral spinal motor neurons
76
Explain the Fastigial-Reticular pathway: -Origin -Exit -End point
origin: Fastigial nucleus Exit: Inferior cerebellar peduncle End point: reticular formation
77
In Acute lesions : What causes it -Symptoms -Can they recover
-Stroke -Head trauma -Hemorrhage Symptoms: sudden onset, severe motor dysfunction -Possibly full recovery can happe
78
In chronic lesions: -What causes it -Symptoms
Causes:Slowly growing tumors + degenerative diseases symptoms: Gradual onset +MILDER THAN ACUTE LESIONS
79
What is the comon cause of Vermis syndrome + What areas are affected + symptoms
- Medulloblastoma -Affected area: vermis+flocculondular lobe Symptoms: -Tendancy to fall forward or backward -Difficulty sitting or standing uprigh
80
Explain why in vermis syndrome the perosn has difficulty sitting or standing upright and tendencay to fall forward or bacward
- As the vermis controls the axial muscles not the limbs
81
What is the cause of cerebellar hemisphere syndrome + symptoms
- Tumor or lesions in one cerebellar hemisphere -Symotoms: -Slurred speech -Delayed movement initiation -Involuntary eye movements -Falling to the side of the lesion
82
The cerebellum is supplied by What 3 arteres
- Posterior inferior cerebellar Artery -Anterior inferior cerbellar Artery -Superior cerebellar Artery
83
What is the anterior lobe and flocculondular lobe seperated by
Anterior lobe- seperated by primary fissue Flocculondular lobe- Seperated by posterolateral fissure
84
Name the 2 deep cerebellar nuclei that form the interposed nuclei + where does the interposed nuclei receive imput from
-Globose nucleus+ emboliform nucleus -Intermediate hemisphere
85
Name the largest deep cerebellar nuclei
Dentate nucleu
86
What does the dentate nucleus recieve input from
- LATERAL HEMISPHERE
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