Medical ethics week 11

Question 1

Name the types of genetic testing+
1. What do they detect
2.What do they identify
3.Estimate risk of what
4.what does it confrim
5.Tests fetus for what
6.Test what

Answer 1

• Newborn screening- detect early treatabel disorders
  -Carrier testing-identifys carriers of recessive disorders
  -Predictive testing- Estimates risk of future disease
  -diagnostic testing-confrims a genetic disorder
  -prenatal testing-Test fetus for abnormalities
  -Preimplantation genetic diagnosis( PGD)- test embryos in IVF

Question 2

What are the differences between genetic screening and counselling

-population or individual based
-proactove or reactive
1. identifes what
2. helps manage what

Answer 2

Genetic screening:
-Population based
-Proactive
-Identifies at risk ppl
Genetic counselling:
-individual based
-Reactive
-Helps manage knwon conditions

Question 3

What is the problem with routinization of testing+ what can this lead to

Answer 3

• Patients may nit fully understnad the implications

-Can lead to uninformed decisons and emotional harm

Question 4

What is the pupose of predictive genetic testing
+ WHAT CAn results cause

Answer 4

Estimates the risk of the futue genetic conditions

Can cause :
surviovrs guilt
physiological distress
family tension

Question 5

How does pre test counselling hlep individuals consider
+ what does it encourage

Answer 5

Helps individuals consider emotional,social and familial consequences
-encourages autonomy and infrmed conent

Question 6

What can prenatal testing pressure women into doing
- What is the counselors role in this

Answer 6

Can pressure them into terminating pregnancies after detecting disabilites

To povide unbaised information

Question 7

When is genetic testing in children acceptable

Answer 7

-if it can treat/prevent disease early
-If its in the childs best intrest

Question 8

What is the disadvantages of geneic testing in children

Answer 8

• They condition may appera only in childhood and has no cure

-It violoates autonomy and future choice

Question 9

Explain the concerns in relation to the child in genetic testing in child hood

Answer 9

Loss of future autonomy
Violation of confidentiality
Emotional and social impacts

Question 10

What is insurance discrimination

Answer 10

It is when genetic data can be used by insurance companied to raise premiums or deny coverage

Question 11

What protects against insurance discrimination + give an advantage of ot

Answer 11

• GINA
  -It dosent cover life insurance

Question 12

Wht is the social impact of genetic testing

Answer 12

Can lead to :
- Stigma
-Discrimination
Anxiety

Question 13

What is gene therapy

Answer 13

It is a technique to prevent or treat diseases by modifying the perosns genes

Question 14

Explain the methos of gene therapy

Answer 14

• Add a functioning gene
  -Replace a faulty gene
  -Inactivate malfunctioing geen

Question 15

Name the 2 types of gene theraoy

Answer 15

-Somatic cell theraoy
-Germaline cell therapy

Question 16

Explain somatic cell therpy:
- What it efects
-Exlain the changes
-Is it etically acceptabl

Answer 16

-Effects the body cells
-Changes are not inherited
-It is socially acceptedd

Question 17

Explain germline cell therapy:
-What it affects
-Explain the changes
-What is the goal

Answer 17

-Affects the reproductive cells or early embryos
-Changes are heritable
-Is it elimnate inherited disorders completely

Question 18

Which gene therapy is not used in humans and why

Answer 18

• Germline cell therapy due to legal, ethical concerns

Question 19

Name the 5 ethical issues of gene therapy

Answer 19

-Saftey and risk:
-Eugenics
-Autonomy and reproducitve ights
-Social justic
Moral status of emrbyos

Question 20

Explain saftey and risk as an ethical cocern of gene therapy

Answer 20

The use of viral carriers which can triggere immune reactions

Question 21

Explain eugenics as an ethical issue to gene theraoy:
- Name the 2 types + explain
+ explain the concerns if any

Answer 21

• Negative eugenics- to prevent diseases
  -positive: Enhancing traits
  concerns :
  discrimination
  social inequality

Question 22

Explain social justice as an ethical issue in gene therapy:
- What is their a risk of

Answer 22

Risk of widenign inequality if only the rich can afford it

Question 23

Explain the moral satus of embryos - what is the concern

Answer 23

Concerns when germline therapy involves desturctuon of embryo

Question 24

Name 2 types of stem celles

Answer 24

Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells

Question 25

Explain embryonci stem cells: - Where are they foudn -Characteristic -What is it used in

Answer 25

-Found in early embryos -Pluripotetn- csn become any cell type -Used in regenerative medicine

Question 26

What are the ethicl concerns + postive arguments w stem cells

Answer 26

- The destruction of embryos being morally wrong -Others say the medical benefits justufy it

Question 27

Explain adult stem cells: -Where is it found -Characteristic -What is it used for

Answer 27

-Foudn in adult tissue -Multipotent -Used to repair damaged tissues

Question 28

Which stem cell is less ethically controversial

Answer 28

- Adult stem cells