COM 2 Anatomy week 4 Flashcards by Shaylei M

What is the defintion of basal nuclei

Collections of gray matter

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Name the major components of basal nuclei

Corpus striatum
-Amygdaloid nucleus
-Claustrum

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Name other parts thats functionally related to the basal ganglia

-Subthalamic nuclei
-Substantia nigra
-Red nucleus

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What is the major function of the basal nuclei

Control of posture and voluntary movement

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What is the corups striatum lateral to
+ what is it divdied by and into what

Lateral to thalamus
-Divided by internal capsuleinto:
-caudate nucleus
-Lentiform nucleus

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Why is the component of the basal nuclei called corpus ‘striatum’

Due to its striated apperance from gray matter strands

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Explain the structure of the cuadate nucleus + what it is divide into plus those structures

Large C shaped gray mater mass
-Divided into :
Head:
Body: long narrow
Tail: ends in amygdaloid nucleus

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What does caudate and putamen equal

Striatum/neostriatum

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Explain the structure of lentiform nucleus+
- What is it medially and laterally seperated from and by what

Wedge shaped gray matter mass
-Mediall: Seperated from caudate and nucleus by internal capsule
-Laterally: seperated from claustrum by the external capsule

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What is the Lentiform nucleus divided into

Putamen
-Globus pallidus

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Where is the amygdaloid nucleus located

In temporal lobe near the uncus

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What is the amygdaloid nucleus apart of

Limbic system

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What type of neurotransmitters does substantia nigra release + its effect

dOPAMIN , INHIBITOTY

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What is substantia nigra connected to

Corpus callosum

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What type of neurotransmitters does the subthalamic nuclei relase + its effect

Glutamate, excitatory

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What is subthalamic nuclei connected to

Globus pallidus and substantia nigra

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What is the claustrum
+ what is it lateral to + sepreated by

Thin sheet of gray matter
-Lateral to lentiform nucleus seperated by external capsule

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What is input to the basal nuclei recieved by

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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What is output from the basa nuclei from

Globus pallidus

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Name the 4 Afferent(input) fibers/connections to the corpus striatum

Corticostriate fibers
-Thalmostriate fibers
-Nigrostriatal fibers
-Brainstem striatal fibers

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Explain the corticostraite fibers
-Where its from
-Where it goes to
-Neurotransmitter used

From: all parts of the cerebral cortx
To: Caudate nucleus and putamen
Neurotransmitter: glutamate

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Explain the Thalamostriate fibers:
-Where its from
-Where it goes to

-From: Intralaminar nuclei of the thalams
-To: Caudate and putamen

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Explain the Nigrostriatal fibers:
-WHere its From
-Where it goes to
-neurotransmitter used

From: SUbstantia nigra
To: Caudate and putamen
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine

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Explain the brainstem striatal fibers :
-Where its from
-Neurotransmitter used

From: substantia nigra
-Neurotransmitter : Dopmaine

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Name the efferent(output) connections from the corpus striatum

- Striatopallidal fibers -Striatonigral fibers

Explain both the effernt fibers/connections from the corpus Striatum: -Where the go to -Neurotransmitter used

a. Striatopallidal fibers To: Globus pallidus. Neurotransmitter: GABA (inhibitory). b. Striatonigral fibers To: Substantia nigra. Neurotransmitters: GABA, acetylcholine, or substance P.

Name the afferent fiber to the Globus pallidus + neurotransmitters

Striatopallidal fibers - GABA

Name the Main 4 efferent tracts from the globus pallidus and where they go

Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic nuclei Fasciculus lenticularis → Subthalamus Pallidotegmental fibers → Caudal tegmentum of midbrain Pallidosubthalamic fibers → Subthalamic nuclei

The basal nuclei are interconected with regions of the nervous system, forming what

Complex circuits

What is the main structures involved in processing

- Corpus striatum

Name the regions that send afferent information to the basal nuclei

- Premotor and supplementary motor cortex -Primary sensory cortex -Thalamus -Subthalamus Brainstem

What does the destructuon of the primary motor cortex result in

-Loss of fine, discrete movements

What does destruction of the corpus striatum cause

- Paralysis of remaning movements on the opposite side of the body

How does the basal nuclei help prepare the body for movement

- By controlling axial and girld movements

By the globus pallidus neurons becoming active before movement what does this ensure

- Ensures the body is positioned correctly bedofre the motor cortex initiates precise actions

What does the reticular formation resemble

- A net made of nerve cells and fibers

Where does the reticular formation extend from

- spinal cord to the cerebrum

What does the reticular formation recieve input from

- Sensory systems

What does the reticular formation control/ its function

- Skleteal muscle activity -Somatic and visceral sensations -Autonomic and endocrine systems -Level of consciousness

What is the reticular formation composed of

- A continous network of nerve cells and fibers

What is the reticular system divided into+ explain their characteristics

- Median column- Intermediate sized neurons -Medial column- large neurons -Materal column- Small neurons

Why is the reticular formation hard to trace

Due to its diffues structure

Name the different pathways- where they come from, the reticular formation receives input from most parts of the CNS

- From the spinal cord -From Cranial nerve nuclei -From the cerebellum -From higher brain centers From cerebral cortex

Name the afferent tracts projections from the Spinal cord to the Reticular formation

- Spinoreticular tract -Spinothalamic tract -Medial lemnisci

Name the afferent pathways from the cranial nerve nuclei to the reticular formation

- Vestibula pathway -Acoustic Pathways -Visual pathways

Name the afferent pathway from the Cerebellum to the Reticular Formation

-Cerebelloreticular pathway

Name the afferent pathway from the higher brain centers to the cerebellum

- Subthalamic nuclei -Hypothalamic nuclei Thalamic nuclei Corpus striatum limbic system

Name the afferent pathway From the cerebral cortex to the reticular formation

- Primary motor cortex -Somesthetic cortex

Name the efferent projections from the reticular formation- Where they go to

- TO brainstem and spinal cord -To the autonomic Nervous system -To Other brain structures To the cerebral cortex

Explain the efferent projections- NAME THE TRACTS from the reticular formation TO the BRAINSTEM & SPINAL CORD

Reticulobulbar tract Reticulospinal tract

Explain the effernt projections- Name the structures from the Reticular formation to the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Sympathetic outflow -Craniosacral parasympathetic outflow

Explain the efferent projections- Name the structres from the Reticular formation to the CEREBRAL CORTEX

- Most cortical regions

Explain the efferent projections from the reticular formation to the OTHER BRAIN STRUCTURES - 5

- Corpus striatum -Cerebellum -Red nucleus -Substantia nigr -Tectum

In reticular formation , control of the the Skeletal mucles : -What does it influence -WHat does it modulate What does it work with and why -What does it include

- Infleunces alpha and gamma motor neurons -Modulates muscle tone and relfex activit -Works with vestibular system to maintain antigravity muscle tone -Includes respiratory centers

In reticular formation, control of facial expresiion muscles : -What does it coordinate -What does the desceding tracts being seperated from corticobulbar fibers allo?

-Coordinates emotion related facial expressions -Allow emotioal expressios even with facial paralysis from a stroke

In the reticular formation control of somatic and visceral sensations : -What does it modify -What does it play a key role in

-Modifies ascending sensory pathways - Plays a key role in pain gating mechanisms

In the reticular formation control of the Autonomic nervous system : - What does it act as -What does it use

-Acts as a relay for higher contol from the cortex and hypothalmus 0Uses reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts

In reticular formation control of the endocrince system: -What does it influce + and what does that regulate

Hypothalmic nuclei -Regulates the release of releasing hormones -Functions of the pituitary gland

In the reticular formation influence on biological rhythms : -What does it affect

- It affects biological clocks and rhythms

What does the reticular activating syste regulate

Arousal, alertness and consciousness

What enhances the reticular activing system+ name a key neurotransmitter involved in this systm

Pain signals -Ach

What does limbic mean

Border or margin

What does the limbic system include

Brain structures at the border between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

What is the limbic system involved in

- Emotion -Behaviour Memory Drives(sex and hunger)

Name the 7 main limbic structures+ where they are

- subcollosal gyrus- under corpus callosum -Cingulate gyrus- Above corpuscallosum -Parahippocampal gyrus- Medial temporal gyrus -Hippocampal formation- Deep in temporal lobe -Amygdaloid nucleus- antrior temporal lobe -Mamillary bodies- Part of hypothalmus -Anterior thalamic nucleus- Part of thalamus

Name the 5 connecting pathways in the limbic system

- Alveus -Fimbria -Fornix -Mammillothalamic tract -Stria terminalis

What 3 structures does the hippocamapl formation include

- Hippocampus Dentate gyrus -Parahipocampal gyrus

Explain the hippocampus as a component of the hippocampal formation: -The structure + location -What the anterior part is called -What is it covered by -Where does it end-

-Has a curved structure in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle -Anterior part= pes hippocampus -Covered by alveus -Ends beneath splenium of corpus callosum

Explain the dentat gyrus( component of the hippocampal formation): - Structure -Where is it located -What does it become posteriorly

- Narrow, notched band of gray matter -Located between fimbria and parahippocampal gyrus -Posteriorly becomes indusium griseum

Explain the parahippocampal gyrus as a component of hippocampal formation: -Where does it lie between

Lie between hippocampal fissure and collateral sulcus

What is another name for the Amygdaloid nuclues

Amygdala

What is the meaning of amygdaloid nucleus

Almond shaped

Where the amygdaloid nucleus located apart from the temporal lobe

- Anterior and superior tip of the inferiro horn of the lateral ventricl

What sructure is the amygdaloid nuclues fues with

Tail of the caudate nucleus

What does the output pathway of the amygdaloid nucleus give rise to

Stria terminalis

explain what the amygdaloid nucleus is composed of + its components

-Composed of 2 groups of nuclei: -Basolateral group - larger -Corticomedial group-SMaller

What is the alveus+ location

Thin white matter layer on the entricular surface of the hippocampus

What dos the alveus converge medially to form

Frimbia

What is the fimbria+ what does it continue as

A bundle of fibers formed by alveus fibers -Crus of the fornix

Name the parts of the fornix

-Crus -Body -Commisure of the fornix -Anterior columns

What does the mamillothalamic tract connect+ what is it important for

Mammillary bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus -Limbic relay to the thalamus

Where does the stria termianlis arise from

-Posterior amyglada

In the parahippocampal gyrus as a component of the hippocampal formation explain its layers

- 6 layered cortex

In the hippocampus as a componet of the hippocampal formations explain its layers

Has a 3 layered cortex : -Moleculer - outermost -Pyramidal-contains large pyramidal neurons -Polymorphic-inermost layers

Explain the layers of the dentate gyrus(component of the hippocampal formation)

- Has 3 layers -Molecular layer -Granular layer -Polymorphic later

Name the 6sources that send afferent connectiosn to the hippocampus and

- Cingulate gyrus -Septal nuclei -controlateral hippocampus -Indusium griseum -olfactory area -Dentate and parahippocampal gyri

Explain the pathway of eferent connection from the hippocampus starting from PYRAMIDAL CELLS

Pyramidal cells → Alveus → Fimbria → Crus of fornix → Body of fornix → Columns of fornix Fornix fibers then project to various brain regions

What are the targets of the fornix fibers in the efferent connection from the hippocampus

- Mmaillry bodie -Anterior thalamic nuclei -Tegmentum of midbrain -Septal nuclei -Habenular nuclei

What is the main output center of the limbic system

Limbic system

Explain limbic system in the infleunce of emotional behaviour: -The limbic system influences emotiosn via what -WHt type of emotional reactiosn does it control

-Hypothalamus -ANS -Endocrine system -Controls fear, anger sexual beahviour

In relation to the limbic syste being involved in memory, : -What is the hippocamus essential for -What does damage to the hippocamous lead to

-converting short term memory into long term memory -Damage to the hippocamous leads to : -Antergograde amnesia- inability to form new long term memories

When does greater memory loss occur- when what 2 structures are damaged

- Hippocampud + amygdala

What does the limic system do in relation to homestasis- what does it coordinate

Cooridnates homeostatic and behaviorual repsones to stimuli

In humans what does the destruction of the amygdala lead to

- ↓ Aggressiveness ↓ Emotional instability ↓ Restlessness ↑ Appetite ↑ Hypersexuality No memory loss

What is Kluver-Bucy sundrome in monkeys

Bilateral temporal lobe removal

What does bilateral temporal lobe removal cause in monkeys

Lack of fear Hypersexuality increased appetit

What is temporal lobe dysfnction also knoen as

Epilepsy

What does the patentiens with epilepsy expereicne before the seziure occures explain.

They sense something called an aura : -Acoustic area- Hear something -Olfactory aura- Smel something unpleasent

How may ppl act after hacing seizures

- Confued, have no memory of the seizure afterwards

What are symptoms of schizophrenia+ what receptors play a role in the sympptoms + what can help to reducte the sympotoms

- Distorted thinking -Paranoid hallucinations -Dopamine receptors play a role - Blocking dopamine receptors reduces symptoms

What is the problem with antipsychotic drugs - used to treat schiz,

They also affect dopaminergic receptors -Leads to involuntary movemnts

COM 2 Anatomy week 4 Flashcards

(101 cards)