COM 2 Anatomy Flashcards by Shaylei M

What are the components of the brainstem

Medulla oblongata
Pons
-Midbrain

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Where is the brainstem located

Posterior cranial fossa

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What are the functions of the brainstem+
- What does it contain (2) things

Conduit for ascending and descending tracts between spinal cord and forebrain
-Contains reflex centers for respiration, cardiovascular control and consciousness
Contains cranial nerve nuclei ( CNII - XII)

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Where is the anterior median fissure located

Anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

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Swellings on each side of the anterior median fissure on the medulla oblongata is called

Pyramids

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What do pyramids contain- (anterior surface of Medulla Oblongata)

Cortiospinal motor fibers

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What does the medulla oblongata connect to

Pons

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Describe the shape of the medulla oblongata

concial, broad

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On the anterior surface of the MO, where does the anterior external arcuate fibers emerge from

Anterior median fissure

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What are olives on the anterior surface of the MO

Oval elevations lateral to the pyramids

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What are olives on the Anterior surface of the MO formed by

inferior olivary nuclei

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Where are nerve rootles found on the anterior surface of the MO

Between the pyramid and olive

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On the anterior surface of the MO where does the rootles of the hypoglossal nerve( CN XII) emerge from

Between the pyramid and olive

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What is posterior to the olive on the anterior sirface of the MO+ the function

Inferior cerebellar peduncles
connects the medulla to the cerebellum

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The roots of whcih nerves emerge between the olive and peduncle on the anterior surface of the MO are called..(3)

Glossopharyngeal CN IX
-Vagus neerve CN X
-Cranial roots of the accesory nerve

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On the posterior surface of the MO what does the superior half form

The lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle

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What is the Gracile Tubercle formed by on the medulla oblongata

Gracile nucleus

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Where is the gracile tubercle located

On either side of the posterior median sulcus

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What is that cuneate tubercle formed by on the posterior surface of the MO

Cuneate nucleus

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What does the internal structure of the Medulla oblongata consists of

white and grey matter

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Name the 4 levels the internal structure of the Medulla oblongata is studied at

Decussation of pyramids
-Decussation of lemnisci
-Levels of the olives
-Level just below the pons

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Where does pyramid decussation occur

Inferior half of the medulla oblongata

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What is the main thinf that happens in the lecel of pyramid decussation

Decussation of the pyramids occur
Corticospinal fibers cross the midline at this level

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Name 4 superior structures in the level of pyramid decussation

Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
-Nucleus gracilis and nucleas cuneatus

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In level of pyramid decussation where does the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus ascend to

- Ascend posteriorly to the central gray matter

In the level of pyramid decussation what does the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus appear as

Posterior extensions of the central gray matter

In the level of pyramid decussation where is the substantia gelatinosa found

Posterior grey column of the spinal cord

Where does the level of the olives pass through

- Inferior part of the fourth ventricle

In the level of olives why does the grey matter increase

Due to the presence of : - Olivary nuclear complex -Nuclei of vesibulocochlear (CN VIII), (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN XI (accessory), and CN XII (hypoglossal) -Arcuate nuclei

Describe the structure of the inferior olivary nucleus

- Largest nucleus, shaped like a crumpled bag

What does the inferiro olivary nucles create + where does it send fibers into

Creates the elevation on the surface called the olive - Sends fibers across the middline into the cerbellum

What is the functuon of the inferior olivary nucleus in the level of the olives

Voluntary muscle movement coordination

What does the vestibulocochlear nuclei include

- Medial, inferior,lateral and superior vestibular nuclei

What does the nucleus Ambiguus in level of olvies contain + what does it give rise to

- Contains large motor neurons -Gives rise to fibers for cranial nevres 9,10,11 to innervate voluntary muscles

Where is the central grey matter located in level of olives

Beneath the floor of the 4 ventricle

In level of olive, what does arcuate nuclei recieve fibers from + where is sit situated

- Recieves fibers from the cerebral cortec -Situated on the anterior surfaxe of the pyramids

Where is Pons located

- Anterior to the cerebellum

What does the pons connect

It connects the medulla oblongata to the midbrain

What structue is named for its bridge like apperance

- Pons

What type of fibers does the Pons have on its anterior surface + the function of it

Transverse fibers - It forms the middle cerebellar peduncle

Name the nerves that emerge between the pons and medulla oblongata on the anterior surface of the Pons

- Abducens, facia; and vestibulocochlear nerves

What is the posterior surface of the pons hidden by

- Cerebellum

What is the posterior surface of the pons bound laterally by+ what is it divided by

Superior cerebellar peduncles divided by median sulcus

On the posterior surface of the pons, what gives the sulcus limutans a bluish-gray colour

- Substantia ferruginea

What is the internal structure of the pons divided into+ seperated h=by

- Posterior(tegmentum) and anterior part (basal part) -Seperated by trapeziod body

What 2 levels is the pons studied at and where

- Caudal pons - at the facial colliculus -Cranial pons - at the trigeminal nuclei

In the caudal part of the pons where is the medial lemniscus located + what is it accompanied by

- Anterior tegmentum - - Accompnied by the spina lemniscus and lateral lemniscus

In the caudal part of the pons,where is the facial nucleus located + what do the facial nerve fibers loop around and what does this create

- Posterior to the lateral medial lemniscus - loop around abducens nucleus creating the facial colliculis

Where is the medial longitudinal fasciculis in the caudal part of the pons located

beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle

What does the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the caudal part of the pons connect

- Connects vestibular and cochlear nuclei with the nuclei of the extracular muscles

Name the different types of vestibular nuclei that is present in the caudal part of the pons

- Medial vestibular nucleus -Superior vestibular nucleus + lateral vestibular nucleus

What is the trapezoid body composed of

Fibers from the cochlear nuclei and nuclei of the trapezoid body

What does the basilar part of the pons contain + what does the contents Recieves

Pontine nuclei , which receives coticopontine fibers from the midbrain

What things are similar in the cranial and caudal part of the pons

- Medial lemniscus , trapezoid body , lateral lemniscus and spinal lemniscus are in the same positions

In the cranial part of the pons, where is the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve located

- Beneath the lateral floor of the 4th ventricle

What pathway is present in the cranail part of the pons + what is it joined by

- Superior cerebellar pathway -Joined by anterior spinocerebellar tract

What does the midbrain connect

It connects the pons and cerebellum , with the forebrain

What runs through the midbrain

Cerebral aqueduct, carrying CSF

What does the posterior surface of the midbrain feature

- 4 rounded colliculiO

What does the superior and inferior colliculi on the posterior surface of the midbrain function in

- Superior colliculi: functions in visual reflex centers -Inferior colliculi : -Functions in auditory reflex centers

On the posterior surface of the Midbrain, where does the trochlear nerves emerge below

They emerge below the inferior colliculi

On the lateral surface of the midbrain, what does the superior and inferior brachium connect the colliculi to

- Superior brachium- connects superior colliculus to the lateral geniculate body and optic tract -Inferior brachium- connects the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body

Anteriorly in the midbrain, where does the interpeduncular fossa lie

It lies between the crura cerebri

In the midbrain what nerve emerges from the crus cerebri

- Oculomotor nerve

Internally, what does the midbrain consist of

- cerebral peduncles, which is divided into - crus cerebri and tegmentum - Substantia nigra -Tectum

Internally, in the midbrain what does the cerebral aqueduct connect + what is it surrounded by

It connects the 3rf and 4th ventricle Surrounded by central gray matter

Internally, in the midbrain, what does the interpeduncular fossa seperate

- Seperates the crura cerebri

What does the inferior colliculus contain

- A large gray matter nucleus beneath the surface elevation

Name all the components the transverse section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi contain

- Inferior colliculi -Cranial nerve nuclei -Tegmentum Lemnisci Substatia nigra -CRus cerebi

Name the cranial nerve present in the transverse section of MB at level of the inferior colliculi + where do they decussate

Trochlear nucleus - They decusate in the superior medullary velum

At the transverse section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi what does the tegmentum contain

- Contains the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

In the transverse section of the midbrain of the level of the inferior colliculi, what : - Is the lateral Lemniscus posterior to

- Posterior to the trigmenial lemnisci

What is the substantia nigra + location

Large motor nucleus between the tegmentum and crus cerebri

What does the substantia nigra contain +what is it involved in

Neurons with melanain granules -Involved in muscle tone

Explain what the crus cerebri, in the level of the inferrior colliculi contains: - What is in the -Middle 2/3 of the crus -Medial part of the crus -Lateral part of the crus

- Contains descending tracts: -Middle two -thirds - corticospinal and cortico nuclear fibers -Medial - frontopontine fibers -Lateral temporopontine fibers

What does the superior colliculi contain + what is it involved in + what does it connect to

A large nuclesu of gray matter bneath surface elevation - Connects to lateral geniculate body

WHAT Does the superior colliculus recieve input from

- Optic nerve, visual cortex and spinotectal tract

What does the superior colliculus send output through + for what

Sends output through tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts for eye, head and neck reflexes

What does the prectal nucleus processes

Light reflex signals

In the level of the superior colliculi, where is the oculomotor nucleus located

- Located in central gray matter , posterior to the medial longitudinal fasciculus

Where is reticular formation located

tegmentum

What does the crus cerebri at the level of the Superior colliculi contain

-The same descending tracts as the inferior colliculi - corticospinal -corticonuclear -corctiopontine fibers

At the level of the superior colliculi , where is reticular formation

- Located in the tegmentum

What is the red nucleus in the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus + locaction

- Rounded gray matter mass between cerebral aqueduct and substantia nigra

What does the red nucleus contain + a characteristic

- Iron pigment and is highly vascular

Where does the red nucleus recieve input from

The : -cerebral cortex -cerebellum -basal nuclei and hypothalamus -Spinal cord

The red nucleus sends output via :

-Rubrospinal tract -Rubrorecticular tract -Thalamus -Substantia nigra

Name the major arterial system in the brainstem + what is supplies

- Vertebrobasilar system -Suuplies the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, occipital and parts of temporal lobes

In the major arterial system, what does the verteberal arteries - arise from: -ascend through -what do they form

- Arise from subclavian arteries - Ascend through C6-C2 vertberae -Join to form the BASILAR ARTERY

In the major arterial system, what does the basilar artery run along + what does it split into

Ventral pons -Splits into posteriro cerebral arteries( PCA)

Name the 4 main arterial branches

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery ( PICA) -Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) -Superior cerebellar artery(SCA) -Posterior Cerebral Artery ( PCA)

What does the : -posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) -Anterior inferior cerebellar artery(AICA) -Superior cerebellar Artery (SCA) -Posterior Cerebral Artery( PCA) FORM FROMM

-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA): From vertebral artery; -Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA): From proximal basilar artery; -Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA): From top of basilar artery -Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): From top of basilar

What does the : -posterior inferior cerebellar Artery + -Anterior inferior cerebellar artery SUPPLY?

-Posterior inferior cerebellar Artery : Supplies lateral medulla + inferior cerebellum -Anterior inferior cerebellar Artery : supplies caudal lateral pons and small cerebellar region

What arteries does the Oculomotor nerve pass between

-Superior cerebellar artery -SCA -posterior cerebral artery - PCA

What is the inner ear supplied by

- internal auditory artery, usually from Anterior Infererior cerebellar artery

The medial medulla is supplied by the braches of what 2 arteries

- Anterior spinal artery -Vertebral artery

The lateral medulla supplied by which 2 arteries

- vertebral arteries -PICA- Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

What supplies the bilateral medial midbrain and thalamus

- Arteries of Percheron

What does the superior cerebellar artery suuply( SCA)

Supplies the : -Superior cerebellum and rostral laterodorsal pons

What does the Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply

Supplies the : -Midbrain -Thalamus -Medial occipital -Inferior-medial temporal lobes

COM 2 Anatomy Flashcards

(100 cards)