Sublethal cellular responses

Question 1

what is homeostasis

Answer 1

steady state maintained in response to physiological demands

Question 2

4 possible responses to stress

Answer 2

1. adaptation (plasias)
2. Other cell alterations
3. cell injury
4. cell death

Question 3

3 purposes of adaptive cell repsonses

Answer 3

1. withstand stress
2. adapt to stress
3. restore tissues to normal function

Question 4

4 types of adaptations

Answer 4

1. hyperplasia
2. hypertrophy
3. atrophy
4. metaplasia

Question 5

def. hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in # of cells, resulting in increased mass of tissue or organ

Question 6

2 features of hyperplasia

Answer 6

1. occurs in cells capable of replication

2. reversible

Question 7

mech. of hyperplasia

Answer 7

stim of cell cycle by growth factors, more mature cells

Question 8

4 pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 8

1. endometrial
2. prostatic
3. ductal of breast
4. repsonse to viruses

Question 9

2 phsyiological hyperplasia

Answer 9

1. hormonal

2. compensatory

Question 10

def. hypertrophy

Answer 10

increase in cell size leading to larger organ

Question 11

3 feat. of hypertrophy

Answer 11

1. oft. coexists with hyperplasia
2. cell enlargement
3. reversible

Question 12

mech of hypertrophy

Answer 12

increased synthesis of structural proteins and cellular components

Question 13

2 physiological hypertrophy

Answer 13

1. excercise

2. hormonal

Question 14

2 pathological hypertrophy

Answer 14

1. cardiac muscle

2. bladder muscle

Question 15

def. atrophy

Answer 15

decrease in size and/or number of cells

Question 16

is atrophy reversible?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

2 normal atrophy

Answer 17

1. embryo

2. reversal of hyper

Question 18

mech of atrophy

Answer 18

increased protein degradation and decreased synthesis

Question 19

5 examples of pathological atrophy

Answer 19

1. decreased worload
2. loss of innervation
3. loss of blood supply
4. lack of nutrition
5. loss of hormones

Question 20

def. metaplasia

Answer 20

change of one MATURE cell type to another

Question 21

4 feat. of metaplasia

Answer 21

1. epithelial or mesenchymal cells
2. adaptive to changing env.
3. response to chronic irritation
4. prob. not reversible

Question 22

normal metaplasia

Answer 22

ONLY one - squamous metaplasia in cervix

Question 23

mech of metaplasia

Answer 23

reporogrammming of epithelial stem cells

Question 24

4 patho metaplasias

Answer 24

1. squamous meta of bronchi
2. columnar meta of esoph
3. intestinal meta of stomach
4. squamous meta of bladder

Question 25

3 other cellular alterations

Answer 25

1. aging 2. accumulation of cell contents 3. dysplasia/neoplasia

Question 26

2 types of cell accumulations

Answer 26

1. normal - water, lipids, protein | 2. abnormal -endogenous or exogenous

Question 27

4 features of accumulation

Answer 27

1. transient or perm 2. harmless of toxic 3. cytoplasm or nucl. 4. produced by the cell or just stored there

Question 28

4 types of patho cell contents

Answer 28

1. steatosis (fatty) liver 2. gauchers 3. alzheimers 4. parkinsons

Question 29

what is normal protein folding

Answer 29

translation and folded with help of chaperones

Question 30

3 options if protein not folded properly

Answer 30

1. repair 2. ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 3. cell damage and apop

Question 31

what is amyloid

Answer 31

pathologic protein that is abnormall folded in B-pleated sheets - resitant to degradation

Question 32

3 types of amyloid

Answer 32

AL - immunoglobin light chain AA - acute phase AB - alzheimers

Question 33

what are prions

Answer 33

abnormally folded proteins that can cause other near proteins to fold - mad cow

Question 34

def. neo and dysplasia

Answer 34

cellular alteration resulting in disordered or uncontrolled growth

Question 35

def dysplasia

Answer 35

pre-malignant and MAY be reversible

Question 36

def. neoplasia

Answer 36

refers to a tumor which has lost normal growth control and usually irreversible

Question 37

mech in neoplasia

Answer 37

alterations in genes that control cell growth an survvial - esp in cells that proliferate

Question 38

are dysplasic benign?

Answer 38

NOT neccesarily